Red Bidibidi
Acaena novae-zelandiae
This native plant, known as Red Bidibidi (scientific name: Acaena novae-zelandiae ), is a vigorous and adaptable groundcover endemic to New Zealand. It is recognized for its reddish-brown foliage, ability to spread rapidly, and distinctive spiny burrs that cling to anything they touch. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and ecological importance. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for native ground cover .
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Acaena novae-zelandiae is a robust, prostrate perennial herb that forms dense, spreading mats, often covering large areas. Its reddish-brown stems root at the nodes as it creeps along the ground. The leaves are pinnately divided, consisting of 7-15 toothed leaflets. The foliage colour is highly variable; in shaded, moist conditions, it can be bright green, but in full sun or during colder winter months, it develops a deep bronze or striking purplish-red hue. Inconspicuous greenish-white flowers appear from October to January, borne in globular clusters on long stalks that rise above the foliage. The most distinctive feature is the burr-like fruits, which are spherical, approximately 10 mm in diameter, and covered in four barbed spines. These burrs are initially red when ripe and later turn brown, designed to cling to clothing or animal fur for dispersal.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Acaena novae-zelandiae |
|---|---|
| Height | 10-15 cm (Ground Cover) |
| Spread | 1-2 m |
| Water Needs | Moderate |
| Light | Full Sun to Full Shade |
| Frost Tolerance | High |
| Salt Tolerance | High |
| Growth Rate | Fast (Creeping) |
| Lifespan | Perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Red Bidibidi is highly adaptable to a wide range of New Zealand climates, from lowland coastal areas to subalpine regions up to 1700 meters above sea level. Its natural distribution spans both the North and South Islands. It tolerates diverse conditions, including moist and dry sites, and is particularly resilient in exposed environments. This adaptability makes it a valuable plant for various restoration and landscaping projects across the country.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | Highly Suitable |
| Wellington | Highly Suitable |
| Christchurch | Highly Suitable |
| Dunedin | Highly Suitable |
| Nelson | Highly Suitable |
| Invercargill | Highly Suitable |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Acaena novae-zelandiae is a versatile plant found in a broad spectrum of natural habitats. It commonly colonizes forest edges, open grasslands, and scrublands, showcasing its adaptability to various light and moisture conditions. It is also a frequent sight in coastal environments, particularly on dunes, where its mat-forming habit helps stabilize shifting sands. It can thrive in both clay and sandy soils, preferring well-draining loam. Its ability to grow in disturbed sites, such as roadsides, highlights its pioneering nature.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Tolerant of a wide range of soils, including clay and sandy soils, but prefers well-draining loam.
- Well-draining loam
- Clay or sandy soils
- Adaptable to most types
Light Requirements
Grows well in full sun to full shade. Foliage colour is more vibrant in full sun.
- Full sun for best colour
- Partial shade tolerated
- Full shade still grows
Water Requirements
Moderate water needs. Established plants are relatively drought-tolerant but benefit from occasional watering during prolonged dry spells.
- Moderate irrigation
- Drought-tolerant
- Avoid waterlogging
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Establishing Red Bidibidi is a relatively easy and rewarding process due to its vigorous growth and adaptability. It's an excellent choice for groundcover, particularly for suppressing weeds, stabilizing soil, and retaining moisture. Plant in spring or autumn to allow it to establish before extreme weather. Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball, ensuring good drainage. Space plants 30-40 cm apart to allow for its spreading habit. Water thoroughly after planting and keep moist for the first few weeks. It can also be propagated directly from seed after cold stratification or by simply dividing existing mats.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Acaena novae-zelandiae plays a significant role in various New Zealand ecosystems. As a mat-forming groundcover, it is effective in stabilizing soil, particularly on slopes and in coastal environments. Its extensive root system helps prevent erosion, and its dense foliage suppresses weed growth. The distinctive spiny burrs serve a crucial ecological function by facilitating seed dispersal, attaching to passing animals and birds, thus aiding in the colonization of new areas. It also provides ground-level habitat and foraging opportunities for various invertebrates and small native fauna.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Widely used as an ornamental groundcover in gardens, particularly for difficult areas or slopes. Its variable foliage colour adds visual interest.
- Groundcover
- Erosion control
- Weed suppression
Ecological Value
Vital for soil stabilization and ecological restoration projects. Its burrs aid in seed dispersal, supporting natural regeneration.
- Dune stabilization
- Habitat for small fauna
- Biodiversity support
Landscaping Uses
In landscaping, Red Bidibidi is commonly used for large-scale groundcover plantings, especially on banks, slopes, and in coastal gardens. Its ability to thrive in challenging conditions makes it suitable for revegetation projects where a robust, fast-spreading plant is needed. It can also be used to create textural contrast with other native plants, particularly when its foliage takes on its reddish hues.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Active growth period. New stems and leaves emerge. Flowering begins from October.
- Light fertilization
- Monitor for weeds
Summer
Peak growth and fruiting. Burrs develop and mature. Water during dry spells.
- Occasional watering
- Burr management (if needed)
Autumn
Ideal time for planting new specimens or dividing established mats. Foliage often deepens in colour.
- Planting new stock
- Division of clumps
Winter
Growth slows. Foliage may intensify in colour. Requires minimal care.
- Minimal care
- Check drainage
When to Prune and How Much
Red Bidibidi requires minimal pruning. It can be trimmed to maintain its shape or to prevent it from encroaching on other plants.
- Light trimming for shape
- Remove unwanted spread
If the burrs are a nuisance, they can be mown or clipped off before they fully ripen in summer. This will also encourage denser foliage growth.
How to Grow Red Bidibidi
Growing Red Bidibidi ( Acaena novae-zelandiae ) is a straightforward process, making it an excellent choice for both novice and experienced gardeners. Its vigorous growth habit and adaptability to a wide range of conditions ensure a high success rate. This plant is particularly valued for its ability to quickly form dense, weed-suppressing mats, making it ideal for groundcover, erosion control on banks, and large-scale landscaping. Its ability to root at the nodes means that established plants can naturally expand their territory, providing excellent coverage over time.
From Cuttings
Cuttings are an extremely effective and easy method for propagating Red Bidibidi, especially from stems that have already rooted naturally.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer or autumn for the best results.
- Select healthy, vigorous stems that show signs of new growth or aerial roots.
- Cut sections approximately 10-15 cm long, ensuring each cutting has several leaf nodes.
- Remove the lower leaves and lightly wound the base. Rooting hormone is optional but can speed up the process.
- Plant into a well-draining potting mix, ideally a blend of sand and peat.
- Keep in a warm, sheltered spot with indirect light and maintain consistent moisture.
- Roots should form within a few weeks, after which the new plants can be hardened off and planted in their final location.
From Seed
Seed propagation is also a successful method, particularly for larger projects where many plants are required.
Collect the dry, brown burrs in late summer or autumn.
- Remove the barbed spines to extract the seeds. Wear gloves to protect your hands.
- A 4-week cold stratification period can significantly improve germination rates.
- Sow the seeds onto the surface of a sandy seed-raising mix.
- Lightly cover with a fine layer of sand or grit and water gently.
- Place in a protected outdoor area; germination usually occurs in spring.
- Prick out seedlings once they are large enough to handle and grow them on in individual pots.
By Division
Division is the quickest and easiest method for expanding existing mats. Simply use a sharp spade or knife to cut a section of an established plant, ensuring each piece has roots attached. Replant immediately in a prepared site and water well. This can be done almost any time of year, though spring and autumn are ideal for optimal establishment.
Pests & Diseases
Red Bidibidi is a remarkably robust plant, rarely affected by serious pests or diseases. It is quite resistant to grazing from deer and rabbits. In very humid or poorly drained conditions, it may occasionally suffer from minor fungal leaf spots, but these rarely impact the overall health of the plant. Ensuring good air circulation and avoiding excessive watering will help keep the plant in prime condition.
Cultural Significance
The Māori name 'Piripiri' (or 'Bidibidi') refers to the plant's sticky burrs, which were traditionally used to attach things or to create playful games for children. Acaena novae-zelandiae is a familiar and iconic plant of the New Zealand landscape, particularly in coastal areas. Its presence is a reminder of the toughness and adaptability of native flora, thriving in diverse and often challenging environments. The burrs are a nostalgic part of the New Zealand childhood experience, readily clinging to clothing during walks through the bush or dunes.
- Iconic coastal plant
- Cultural games and uses
Bonus Tip
If you are growing Red Bidibidi where foot traffic or pets are present, be aware that the burrs will attach to clothing and fur. To mitigate this, consider mowing the plant before the burrs fully ripen in summer. This will also encourage denser, more vibrant foliage.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Red Bidibidi ( Acaena novae-zelandiae ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status and Threats
Acaena novae-zelandiae is currently classified as Not Threatened in New Zealand. It is a widespread and common species, often abundant in suitable habitats. However, local populations can be threatened by intensive development, overgrazing, or competition from aggressive introduced weeds. Protecting its natural habitats, particularly coastal and grassland ecosystems, and promoting its use in appropriate restoration projects are key to ensuring its ongoing success.