Bower Spinach
Tetragonia implexicoma
This native plant, known as Bower Spinach (scientific name: Tetragonia implexicoma ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Bower Spinach ( Tetragonia implexicoma ) is a perennial scrambling subshrub that can form dense, leafy patches up to 4 or 5 meters wide, often covering other plants and rocks Discover more about native shrubs. Its stems are long and trailing, often succulent and reddish when young, maturing to dark green or brown-black and becoming woody. The leaves are thick, warty, ovate or lanceolate to almost linear, often clustered, and semi-succulent, growing up to 4 cm long. They are bright green and can be rhombic to angular-ovate. Small, yellow, and strongly scented flowers, typically with 4 or 5 petals, bloom throughout the year, with a peak from late winter to mid-summer. The fruit are depressed-globular, fleshy berries, 5-8 mm long, which are pink to dark red and turn blackish when mature. The berries are eaten by birds and lizards. Bower Spinach is primarily found in coastal regions of New Zealand and southern Australia. It thrives in a variety of coastal habitats such as sand and shingle beaches, coastal woodlands, shrublands, grasslands, and on cliffs and stacks. It can also be found inland along tidal or brackish waterways, or on calcareous sandstone or limestone outcrops. It prefers well-draining, sandy soils and is tolerant of salt spray and wind.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Tetragonia implexicoma |
|---|---|
| Height | Up to 3 m (trailing) |
| Spread | 1-2 m |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate; drought tolerant |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Low |
| Salt Tolerance | High; excellent for coastal conditions |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Tetragonia implexicoma is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Bower Spinach ( Tetragonia implexicoma ) is a perennial scrambling subshrub primarily found in coastal regions of New Zealand and southern Australia, as well as on many nearby island groups.Coastal Areas:It thrives on coastal dunes, sand and shingle beaches, cliffs, and foreshore scrub, demonstrating its exceptional tolerance to salt spray and dry conditions.Brackish Water and Tidal Waterways:It can extend inland along brackish water and tidal waterways.Coastal Woodland, Shrubland, and Grassland:It is also found in these habitats, showcasing its adaptability to various coastal plant communities.Inland (Occasionally):Occasionally, it can be found well inland in areas like farmland (growing in barberry hedges) or on calcareous sandstone or limestone outcrops in dense forest.Soil:It prefers well-draining, sandy soils, including coastal limestone and grey sandy soils.Light:It thrives in full sun to partial shade.Tolerance:It is highly tolerant of salt spray and wind, playing a crucial role in coastal ecosystems by binding loose sand.The presence of Tetragonia implexicoma in these diverse coastal habitats underscores its ecological importance in contributing to the biodiversity and stability of New Zealand's natural coastal landscapes.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Tetragonia implexicoma in a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Bower Spinach
Cultivating Tetragonia implexicoma ( Tetragonia implexicoma ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Tetragonia implexicoma plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Tetragonia implexicoma , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Tetragonia implexicoma , commonly known as Bower Spinach, holds cultural significance primarily as a traditional food source and for its practical uses. Historically, it was a significant food source for the Tasmanian Aboriginal people, who consumed its berries as a sweet snack or addition to meals. Early settlers also utilized the plant, cooking its succulent leaves like spinach. The leaves are noted for being a rich source of Vitamin C. Beyond its nutritional value, the berries of Tetragonia implexicoma , which ripen to a dark, almost black colour, were valued for producing a red dye. Ecologically, the plant is recognized by Indigenous communities, such as the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation, as an important site stabilizer. More recently, it has been planted on Phillip Island as a fire retardant plant, highlighting its role in environmental management. The berries also serve as a food source for local wildlife, including birds and lizards.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Tetragonia Implexicoma ( Tetragonia implexicoma ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Bower spinach ( Tetragonia implexicoma ) is a vigorous coastal vine that isNot Threatened in New Zealand, though local declines occur where dune and cliff habitats are modified, browsed by stock, or overrun by invasive grasses and vines. Conservation efforts prioritise retaining continuous coastal scrub, controlling weeds, and using eco‑sourced plants to knit together eroding slopes. Its fleshy fruits feed birds that disperse seed, so protecting bird corridors enhances natural regeneration along shorelines.