Milk Tree
Paratrophis banksii
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Milk Tree (Paratrophis banksii), known to Māori as ewekuri and also called the large-leaved milk tree, is a robust tree or large shrub endemic to New Zealand. It commonly grows 4 to 8 metres tall, with larger specimens reaching around 12 metres and a broad, crowned canopy on a trunk of dark brown bark. Its common name comes from the milky sap it releases when cut. Juvenile leaves are variable and often deeply lobed, while adult leaves are larger and dark green. It grows in coastal and lowland forest up to about 200 metres, favouring deep, fertile soils and alluvial terraces. Explore more New Zealand native trees in our native plant guide.
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Milk Tree ( Paratrophis banksii ), also known by its Māori name ewekuri or as the large-leaved milk tree, is a robust tree or large shrub endemic to New Zealand Discover more about native grasses. It can grow up to 12 meters tall, typically featuring a broad canopy crown and a trunk up to 0.8 meters in diameter with dark brown bark. The common name "milk tree" comes from the milky sap it exudes when cut or damaged. Its leaves vary between juvenile and adult stages. Juvenile plants have variable leaves, 20-60 - 10-30 mm, that are dark green above and paler beneath, elliptic-oblong, with finely to deeply crenate or deeply lobed margins. Adult leaves are larger, 35-85 - 20-35 mm, dark green to yellow-green, paler underneath, and typically ovate to broadly ovate with crenate margins. The leaves are net-veined with a toothed edge. It produces small, grey-green flowers in clusters of long spikes. These are followed by fleshy, red, drupaceous fruits that can be up to 65 mm in diameter.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Paratrophis banksii |
|---|---|
| Height | 4-8 m |
| Spread | 3-5 m |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate |
| Light | Partial shade to full sun |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate |
| Salt Tolerance | Poor |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived |
Climate Best Suited to
Paratrophis banksii is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Paratrophis banksii , also known as ewekuri or large-leaved milk tree, is endemic to New Zealand and thrives in coastal and lowland forests, typically at elevations between 0 and 200 meters above sea level. This tree prefers deep, fertile soils, and larger specimens are often found on alluvial terraces. On offshore islands, it demonstrates a greater tolerance for drier conditions and skeletal soils. In these island environments, it can be found on steep cliff faces, rock ledges, or as stunted shrubs on cobble and boulder beaches.Its distribution includes the North Island, primarily in easterly regions from Kaitaia to East Cape, Waikato, and northern Hawke's Bay, including the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. It also appears in Horowhenua to Wellington and the western side of Wairarapa. In the South Island, it is found in northern areas such as the Marlborough Sounds (mainly on islands), Abel Tasman National Park, and eastern Golden Bay. While it may have once been more widespread, its current distribution is often sparse, with significant populations mainly found on rodent-free offshore islands.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Paratrophis banksii in a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Milk Tree
Cultivating Paratrophis banksii ( Paratrophis banksii ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Paratrophis banksii plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Paratrophis banksii , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Paratrophis banksii , also known by its Māori name ewekuri or as the large-leaved milk tree, is a plant species endemic to New Zealand.The milky sap the tree exudes when cut or damaged is the origin of its common name "milk tree." Historically, early European colonists even used this milky juice as a substitute for milk in tea.While the plant is known by its Māori name "ewekuri," there is limited specific information regarding its broader cultural significance to Māori beyond the naming. The name "banksii" refer to Sir Joseph Banks, a British naturalist on Cook's first voyage to New Zealand.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Paratrophis Banksii ( Paratrophis banksii ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Paratrophis banksii , also known as ewekuri, large-leaved milk tree, or t «repo, is a plant species endemic to New Zealand. As of 2023, its conservation status is classified as "At Risk - Relict." Historically, Paratrophis banksii was more widespread, but its current distribution is sparse, with it rarely being common except on rodent-free offshore islands. Major threats to the species include browsing by introduced pests (possums and goats) and rodent predation, which consumes fruit, seeds, and emerging seedlings. In isolated mainland remnants, the dioecious nature of the species can lead to a sex imbalance, hindering reproduction. Despite these threats, conservation efforts and natural responses have shown positive results. Successful eradication of rodents on offshore islands has led to the rapid re-establishment and recovery of Paratrophis banksii populations. The plant is easily grown from fresh seeds and can be propagated from semi-hardwood cuttings. It is a fast-growing tree that can be used as a specimen or hedge and has been planted for reforestation.
Frequently Asked Questions
How tall does Milk Tree grow?
It typically grows 4 to 8 metres tall, with larger trees reaching around 12 metres.
Why is it called the milk tree?
The name comes from the milky sap the tree exudes when its bark or leaves are cut or damaged.
Where does Paratrophis banksii grow naturally?
It grows in coastal and lowland forest up to about 200 metres, favouring deep, fertile soils and alluvial terraces.
What is the Māori name for the milk tree?
It is known as ewekuri, and is also called the large-leaved milk tree.
Sources and Further Reading
The botanical, growing, and conservation details for Milk Tree (Paratrophis banksii) on this page draw on authoritative New Zealand plant references and citizen-science observation records. Consult the sources below for full technical records and the latest distribution data.