<i>Pseudopanax crassifolius</i>(Pseudopanax crassifolius) hero image

Lancewood

Pseudopanax crassifolius

Not specified

This native plant, known as Pseudopanax crassifolius(scientific name: Pseudopanax crassifolius), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.

<i>Pseudopanax crassifolius</i>(Pseudopanax crassifolius) showing <i>Pseudopanax crassifolius</i>growth habit
Image credit: Lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolius) - photo by Wikipedia contributors, via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Lancewood ( Pseudopanax crassifolius ), also known as horoeka, is a heteroblastic tree endemic to New Zealand Discover more about native grasses. This means it exhibits distinct changes in leaf form and growth habit throughout its life stages: seedling, juvenile, transitional, and adult. It can grow up to 15 meters tall with a trunk diameter of up to 50 cm. It is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to approximately 750 meters in lowland to montane shrublands and forests, often in dry, exposed sites, forest margins, or regenerating areas. The juvenile tree is single-stemmed with long, narrow, stiff, and leathery leaves that can be up to 1 meter long and about 1 cm wide. These leaves have a prominent central rib, irregular teeth, and grow downwards from a central stem. The young trunk is slender, unbranched, and features characteristic vertical swollen ridges. The leaves are typically dark green, sometimes with a purple underside, and have a pronounced yellow-orange midrib. As the tree grows beyond 2-5 meters, it begins to branch, and the leaves become shorter and wider, intermediate between juvenile and adult forms. The adult tree develops a multi-branched, rounded crown, giving it a more "typical tree" appearance. Adult leaves are shorter and wider (10-20 cm long by 2-3 cm wide), with a less prominent midrib and either toothed or entire margins. They grow outwards or upwards and have greater frost resistance. The trunk can reach up to 50 cm in diameter, with horizontal lenticels and smooth, grey, or mottled bark. It is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female plants. It flowers from January to April, producing clusters of tiny light green to pale yellow flowers that are insect-pollinated. These are followed by dark purple fruits when ripe, which are an important food source for native birds. Only mature trees produce fruit.

Quick Facts

Pseudopanax crassifolius quick facts
Scientific Name Pseudopanax crassifolius
Height Up to15 m
Spread 2-4 m (narrow crown)
Water Needs Low to moderate; drought-tolerant once established
Light Full sun to partial shade
Frost Tolerance Moderate (tolerates light to moderate frost)
Salt Tolerance Low to moderate (tolerates some coastal exposure)
Growth Rate Slow to moderate
Lifespan Long-lived (decades to over 100 years)

Climate Best Suited to

Pseudopanax crassifoliusis well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Pseudopanax crassifolius
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Pseudopanax is naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand.Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.

Cultivating this species effectively involves a deep understanding of its natural adaptations and environmental preferences. By mimicking its native habitat-whether that be the cool, moist understory of a temperate rainforest or the exposed, well-drained slopes of an alpine range-gardeners can ensure robust growth and long-term health. Regular observation and minimal, targeted intervention are often the best strategies for maintaining the unique characteristics and ecological contributions of this remarkable New Zealand native plant.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Pseudopanax crassifoliusin a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Lancewood

Cultivating Pseudopanax crassifolius(Zealand tree) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Pseudopanax crassifoliusplants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Pseudopanax crassifolius, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

The dramatic juvenile "lancewood" form has inspired art and design and is used widely to represent New Zealand's unique forest adaptations in public gardens and exhibitions.Pseudopanax crassifolius, commonly known as Lancewood or Horoeka, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand. Its unique characteristics and versatility led to various traditional uses and even influenced its English name. The Māori traditionally utilized the tree for several practical purposes: its wood, known for its strength and durability, was used for making weapons, tools, and fishing spears. The flexible wood was also valued for digging sticks. The English name "lancewood" refers to the Māori cultural practice of using the juvenile plant's stems as lances for hunting birds, specifically kererū (native wood pigeons). Māori, particularly from the South Island, crafted paintbrushes for rock art from the leaves ofP. crassifolius. The flexible trunks of young trees were fashioned into tokotoko, which are ceremonial walking sticks. The leaves were also used for weaving. Early European settlers found practical uses for the plant as well. The midribs of the juvenile leaves were used as bootlaces and for fixing horse bridles and harnesses. The dense, light brown wood was also used for fence posts or piles. In Māori lore, the flowering of lancewood was an indicator that birds would be plentiful in the following year, as its fruits take a full year to ripen and are an important food source for native birds like whitehead, tūī, and kererū. There is a theory that the unique juvenile form of the Horoeka, with its rigid, saw-like leaves, evolved as a defense mechanism against browsing by the now-extinct giant moa birds. Today,Pseudopanax crassifoliusis also a popular ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes, valued for its distinctive foliage and architectural form. It is considered a taonga(treasure) in Māori culture and is protected by the Treaty of Waitangi.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Pseudopanax crassifolius, commonly known as horoeka or lancewood, is a tree endemic to New Zealand. Its conservation status is currently classified as "Not Threatened" by the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). Despite its "Not Threatened" status, populations ofPseudopanax crassifoliusface threats from introduced mammalian browsers, including possums, deer, and goats. The leaves of the plant, particularly in its juvenile form, are palatable to these animals.