<i>Dracophyllum arboreum</i>(Dracophyllum arboreum) hero image

Chatham Grass Tree

Dracophyllum arboreum

Not specified

This native plant, known as Chatham Grass Tree (scientific name: Dracophyllum arboreum ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Dracophyllum arboreum</i>(Dracophyllum arboreum) showing <i>Dracophyllum arboreum</i>growth habit
Image credit: Chatham Grass Tree ( Dracophyllum arboreum ) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Its bark is typically greyish-brown, while new growth appears reddish-brown to yellow Discover more about native trees. A notable feature of Dracophyllum arboreum is its dimorphic leaves, meaning they differ significantly between juvenile and adult stages. Juvenile leaves are wide, light green, and leathery, measuring 10"“22 cm long by 1"“1.8 cm wide, with tiny hairs along their edges. As the tree matures, the leaves transform into narrow, needle-like structures, 2.5"“9 cm long by 1"“2 mm wide, which are smooth and hairless except for fine hairs on their margins. The tree produces small, white, elliptical flowers, 5.5"“9 by 2.5"“3 mm, that are sessile (attached directly to the stem) and grow in spiked terminal clusters of 4"“9 flowers. Flowering generally occurs from November to February, leading to the development of tiny brown fruits, though some sources suggest year-round flowering and fruiting.

Quick Facts

Dracophyllum arboreum quick facts
Scientific Name Dracophyllum arboreum
Height 4-18m
Spread 2-5m
Water Needs Moderate
Light Full sun to light shade
Frost Tolerance Hardy to -6°C
Salt Tolerance Moderate
Growth Rate Slow
Lifespan Long

Climate Best Suited to

Dracophyllum arboreum is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Dracophyllum arboreum
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Dracophyllum arboreum is exclusively found on the Chatham, Pitt (Rangiuria), and Rangatira Islands, located approximately 800 km east of New Zealand's South Island. It thrives in a variety of vegetation communities, from near sea level up to 270 meters (886 ft), including swamps, cliffs, bogs, shrublands, and lowland forests. The tree is often a dominant species in Chatham Island forests, particularly in areas away from the coast and in deeper peaty soils. On Pitt Island, it dominates upland forests. Its preferred soil conditions are boggy and peaty, and it typically favours full sun exposure, although it can tolerate light shade.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Dracophyllum arboreum in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Chatham Grass Tree

Cultivating Dracophyllum arboreum ( Dracophyllum arboreum ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Dracophyllum arboreum plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Dracophyllum arboreum , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

As a member of the speargrass"“heath assemblages, Dracophyllum arboreum represents a distinctive upland r p ōī. Published records of specific customary use are limited, yet these plants underpin mauri of alpine and island ecosystems and are part of contemporary kaitiakitanga through restoration.Distinctive element of upland and island shrublandsSupports mauri and biodiversity in harsh environmentsSpecies-specific customary uses not widely recorded

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

In 2017, the New Zealand Threat Classification System categorized Dracophyllum arboreum as "Naturally Uncommon." While generally considered reasonably secure and not threatened, populations outside of protected areas face vulnerabilities such as clearance for farmland and fires. Many stands in the northern two-thirds of the main island are remnant populations on farmed land and are experiencing decline. However, the species remains abundant in the southern tablelands and on Pitt Island.