Microsorum pustulatum
Microsorum pustulatum, commonly known as Hound's Tongue Fern or Kōwaowao in te reo Māori, is a versatile and adaptable native fern of New Zealand. With its distinctive leathery fronds that resemble a dog's tongue, this epiphytic fern can be found growing on trees, rocks, and occasionally on the ground. Its ability to thrive in various conditions and its attractive, evergreen foliage make it both an important component of native ecosystems and a popular choice for gardens. native trees
Image credit: Kōwaowao (Microsorum pustulatum). Wikipedia
| Scientific Name | Microsorum pustulatum |
|---|---|
| Height | Fronds up to 60 cm (24 in) long |
| Spread | Forms dense mats, spreading by rhizomes |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate; prefers moist but well-drained soil |
| Light | Partial to full shade; tolerates filtered sunlight |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate; tolerates light frosts |
| Salt Tolerance | Low; not suited to exposed coastal sites |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Perennial; long-lived in suitable conditions |
Hound's Tongue Fern is remarkably adaptable and can be found throughout New Zealand in suitable habitats. It thrives in humid, sheltered environments but can tolerate drier conditions once established. Its epiphytic nature allows it to grow in a variety of situations, from coastal forests to mountain slopes.
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Moderate |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Moderate |
| Dunedin | Moderate |
| Invercargill | Moderate |
Microsorum prefers well-draining soil with good organic content. It can adapt to various soil types but performs best in loamy or sandy soils.
Microsorum requires moderate watering, especially during establishment. Once established, it becomes more drought-tolerant.
Microsorum grows best in full sun to partial shade, depending on the specific species and local climate conditions.
Microsorum is well-adapted to New Zealand's temperate climate and can tolerate both warm summers and cool winters.
The ecology of Microsorum involves its interactions with other species and its role in ecosystem processes. Understanding these relationships helps in conservation and cultivation.
Known as kōwaowao or pāraharaha in te reo Māori, this fern was used medicinally and as a food wrap in hāngī. It is a symbol of resilience and adaptability in New Zealand forests. This plant holds deep cultural significance in Māori traditions and continues to be valued for its historical importance and connection to New Zealand's indigenous heritage.
Learn more about the cultural significance of native plants in Cultural Plants.
Ferns generally require minimal pruning. Remove old fronds to maintain tidy appearance and encourage new growth.
The best time to plant Microsorum is during spring or autumn when soil temperatures are moderate and rainfall is reliable.
Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and slightly deeper. Place Microsorum in the hole, backfill with soil, and water thoroughly. Mulch around the base to retain moisture.
The most reliable method for home gardeners:
An effective method for increasing your collection:
For those wanting a challenge:
Hound's Tongue Fern has a significant place in New Zealand's natural and cultural heritage:
Today, Hound's Tongue Fern is valued both for its ecological role in native forests and as an ornamental plant in gardens. Its adaptability and distinctive appearance make it popular for both indoor and outdoor cultivation. Conservation efforts include preserving its natural habitat in protected forest areas and using it in restoration projects to rebuild native forest ecosystems.
Hound's Tongue Fern is generally resilient to pests and diseases when grown in appropriate conditions. Its leathery fronds are more resistant to damage than many other ferns. Good cultural practices including proper spacing, appropriate watering, and good air circulation will prevent most problems.
Create a stunning living wall display by mounting Hound's Tongue Fern on wooden boards or in vertical planting pockets. Its epiphytic nature makes it perfect for vertical gardening, and the leathery fronds add texture and interest to walls. Combine with other epiphytes like Pyrrosia eleagnifolia (Leather-leaf Fern) and Asplenium flaccidum (Hanging Spleenwort) for a diverse display that mimics natural forest growth patterns. Mist regularly to maintain humidity and ensure the mounting medium stays consistently moist until plants are established.
This comprehensive guide provides detailed information about the plant's classification, characteristics, and ecological role within New Zealand's unique flora. Understanding these aspects helps gardeners and conservationists make informed decisions about cultivation and preservation efforts.
Hound's Tongue belongs to its respective plant family and is characterized by its unique morphological features and ecological adaptations. This species is well-adapted to its natural environment throughout New Zealand.
Microsorum is naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand. Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.
Discover other native plants that complement Microsorum in your garden. These plants share similar growing conditions and create beautiful, sustainable landscapes.
Kowaowao is not threatened but can be affected by habitat modification. It is valued for its medicinal properties and wildlife habitat.
Prefers moist, well-drained soil but tolerates a range of substrates, including tree bark and rocks.
Best in partial to full shade, mimicking its natural forest habitat.
Low to moderate water needs once established.
Microsorum is highly valued in landscaping for its aesthetic appeal and practical benefits. It can be used in various garden styles and landscape applications.
Microsorum plays an important ecological role in New Zealand's native ecosystems. It provides habitat and food for native wildlife and contributes to ecosystem health and biodiversity.
Regular care and maintenance will keep Microsorum healthy and thriving. This includes proper watering, feeding, and monitoring for any issues.
Microsorum pustulatum (Kōwaowao, Hound's Tongue Fern) thrives in moist, well-drained, humus-rich soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. It is highly adaptable and can grow as an epiphyte on trees, on rocks, or terrestrially in the ground. For best results, provide partial to full shade, mimicking its natural forest habitat—filtered sunlight is tolerated, but direct sun can scorch the fronds. Water regularly during establishment and in dry periods, but avoid waterlogged conditions, as the rhizomes are susceptible to rot. Once established, this fern is moderately drought-tolerant and can survive short dry spells, especially in humid environments. Maintain high humidity for lush growth, especially indoors or in dry climates, by misting or grouping with other plants. Mulch with leaf litter or compost to retain soil moisture and provide nutrients. Protect from severe frost, as heavy frosts can damage fronds. Fertilize sparingly in spring with a diluted organic fertilizer formulated for ferns. With minimal care, Microsorum pustulatum will form dense, attractive mats of foliage, making it ideal for shaded gardens, forest restoration, and indoor displays.
Microsorum exhibits distinctive characteristics that make it easily identifiable in its natural habitat. Its growth habit, leaf structure, and seasonal changes all contribute to its unique appearance and ecological role.
Understanding these physical characteristics helps gardeners and conservationists identify the plant correctly and provide appropriate care. The plant's form and features also make it valuable for landscaping and restoration projects.
Proper planting techniques are crucial for the successful establishment of Microsorum pustulatum. Taking time to prepare the site and follow best practices will help ensure the plant thrives in its new location.
Consider the plant's mature size and growth habit when selecting a planting location. This planning helps avoid future problems and creates more sustainable, low-maintenance landscapes.
