<i>Cyathea smithii</i>(Cyathea smithii) hero image

Soft Tree Fern

Cyathea smithii

Not specified

This native plant, known as Soft Tree Fern(scientific name: Cyathea smithii ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Cyathea smithii</i>(Cyathea smithii) showing <i>Cyathea smithii</i>growth habit
Image credit: Soft Tree Fern ( Cyathea smithii ) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Cyathea smithii , commonly known as the Soft Tree Fern or Kātote, is an evergreen tree fern native to New Zealand. It typically grows up to 8 meters tall, though it tends not to reach into the canopy like some other tree ferns, and has a slender, fibrous trunk. A defining and easily recognizable feature is the retention of dead frond stalks (stipes and rachises) as a "skirt" around its trunk, which allows other ferns and epiphytes to grow on the lower parts of the trunk. Its foliage consists of soft, green, lance-shaped fronds that are 1-2 meters long. This species thrives in colder, wetter conditions and is often found in montane forests, though it can also occur in lowland areas in the southern parts of its range. It is considered the most cold-tolerant among New Zealand tree ferns, preferring bright shade to shade, consistent moisture, and average, well-drained soil.

Quick Facts

Cyathea smithii quick facts
Scientific Name Cyathea smithii
Height 8-12 m
Spread Up to 3 m
Water Needs High, prefers moist well-drained soil
Light Shade to partial shade
Frost Tolerance One of the hardiest NZ tree ferns
Salt Tolerance Low; requires protection from salt exposure
Growth Rate Slow
Lifespan Long-lived

Climate Best Suited to

Cyathea smithii is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Cyathea smithii
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Understand the natural habitat of Soft Tree Fern ( Cyathea smithii ), including its geographical distribution, preferred environmental conditions, and the types of forest ecosystems where it thrives. This knowledge is crucial for replicating natural conditions in cultivation.Geographical distribution throughout New Zealand from sea level to 1000 m elevation.Preferred forest types and microhabitat conditions.Associated plant communities and typical forest companions.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Cyathea smithii in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Soft Tree Fern

Cultivating Cyathea smithii ( Cyathea smithii ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Cyathea Smithii plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Cyathea smithii , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Cyathea smithii , commonly known as the soft tree fern or kātote, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand.Traditional Names:The fern is known by several Māori names, including kātote, neineikura, and whēkī.Food Source:The "iho" (heart) of the kātote was traditionally consumed by Māori, noted for its sweet taste and eaten raw. This was in contrast to other tree ferns, whose hearts were often bitter. The pith also served as a starch source, though its resin content made it a less preferred food, possibly reserved for times of scarcity.Material Uses:The trunks of Cyathea smithii were utilized as a rough building material, for fencing, and in the construction of makeshift tracks.Tool and Weaponry:The hard, black fibers from the kātote, known as kaka ponga, were used to create points for "tārerarera" (throwing spears made from mānuka) and as barbs for arrows used by children for hunting birds.Domestic Applications:The rough texture of the tree fern's trunk was employed by the Tūhoe people to smooth adze handles during their manufacture.Medicinal Properties:The pith of Cyathea smithii was used in traditional medicine to prepare poultices for treating skin conditions and eye ailments.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Cyathea smithii , also known as the soft tree fern or kātote, is native to New Zealand and is found across its major islands, including the North and South Islands, Stewart Island/Rakiura, the Chatham Islands, and the Auckland Islands.According to the New Zealand Threat Classification Series, Cyathea smithii was classified as "Not Threatened" in both 2012 and 2017. Regional conservation statuses are also assessed, leveraging national assessments.