<i>Pseudopanax arboreus</i>(Pseudopanax arboreus) hero image

Five Finger

Pseudopanax arboreus

Not specified

This native plant, known as Pseudopanax arboreus(scientific name: Pseudopanax arboreus), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.

<i>Pseudopanax arboreus</i>(Pseudopanax arboreus) showing <i>Pseudopanax arboreus</i>growth habit
Image credit: Five Finger (Pseudopanax arboreus) - photo by Wikipedia contributors, via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Five Finger ( Pseudopanax arboreus ), also known as whauwhaupaku or puahou, is a native New Zealand tree belonging to the family Araliaceae Discover more aboutNew Zealand. It is a common, fast-growing, multi-branched tree that can reach up to 8 meters tall, though typically 4-6 meters, with brittle branches and branchlets. Its most distinctive feature is its glossy, hand-shaped, compound leaves, which typically have five to seven leaflets radiating from a central stalk, giving it the common name "five-finger." These leaflets are obovate-oblong to oblong-cuneate, thinly leathery (coriaceous), and have coarsely serrated or toothed edges. The petioles (leaf stalks) are about 15-20 cm long, sheathing the branchlet at the base, and the petiolules (stalks of the leaflets) are pale green and about 3-5 cm long. It produces small, sweet-scented flowers, usually unisexual, that are about 5 mm in diameter. These flowers are typically white to pink-flushed and appear in compound terminal panicles with numerous rays and umbellules. Flowering occurs in winter (June to August in New Zealand). The flowers are followed by fleshy, very dark purple, laterally compressed fruits, 5-8 mm in diameter, which contain 2-3 wrinkled seeds. These fruits are enjoyed by birds from August to February.

Quick Facts

Pseudopanax arboreus quick facts
Scientific Name Pseudopanax arboreus
Height Up to8 m
Spread 3-5 m (broad, rounded crown)
Water Needs Moderate; prefers moist, well-drained soil
Light Partial shade to full sun
Frost Tolerance Moderate (tolerates light to moderate frost)
Salt Tolerance Low to moderate (tolerates some coastal exposure)
Growth Rate Fast
Lifespan Long-lived (decades)

Climate Best Suited to

Pseudopanax arboreusis well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Pseudopanax arboreus
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Pseudopanax arboreusis naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand.Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.

Cultivating this species effectively involves a deep understanding of its natural adaptations and environmental preferences. By mimicking its native habitat-whether that be the cool, moist understory of a temperate rainforest or the exposed, well-drained slopes of an alpine range-gardeners can ensure robust growth and long-term health. Regular observation and minimal, targeted intervention are often the best strategies for maintaining the unique characteristics and ecological contributions of this remarkable New Zealand native plant.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Pseudopanax arboreusin a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Five Finger

Cultivating Pseudopanax arboreus(Zealand tree) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Pseudopanax arboreusplants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Pseudopanax arboreus, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Five-finger is a signature shelter and biodiversity plant in urban and restoration plantings, supporting insects and birds and giving gardens a distinct native character.Pseudopanax arboreus, commonly known as five-finger or whauwhaupaku, holds significant cultural importance in New Zealand, particularly within Māori traditions. Historically, Māori utilized Pseudopanax for medicinal applications, as a food source, and in various cultural practices, reflecting a deep understanding of native plants. The wood ofPseudopanax arboreuswas valued for its slippery and durable qualities, making it suitable for use as canoe rollers (skids) during the hauling of waka (canoes) from the forest. This is referenced in traditional chants and historical accounts. The tree is also ecologically important, providing food for native birds with its small purple berries and being a significant source of pollen and nectar for bees early in the season. The distinctive five to seven-fingered leaves give the tree its common name "five-finger" and make it easily recognizable.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Pseudopanax arboreus, commonly known as five-finger or whauwhaupaku, is a native New Zealand tree that is currently not considered threatened. Its conservation status is listed as "Not Threatened" by the NZPCN and "Least Concern" by the IUCN. Despite its secure national status, some factors are relevant to its conservation. Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are known to feed on the petiolules (leaf stalks) ofPseudopanax arboreus, and other fleshy-leaved Pseudopanax species, which can result in discarded leaflets littering the forest floor. Deer and goats also pose a threat to its populations through browsing. This species thrives in moist broadleaf forests, streamsides, and forest margins, ranging from coastal to montane elevations. It is also a common component of secondary forests.Pseudopanax arboreusplays a role in its ecosystem as a host plant for the caterpillar of the endemic North Island mothDeclana atronivea. Its flowers provide valuable pollen and nectar for bees, particularly early in the season, and its dark purple fruits are a food source for birds, which assist in seed dispersal. The tree is widely used in gardens and restoration initiatives, indicating its value in ecological restoration efforts.