Button Daisy
Leptinella squalida
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Button Daisy ( Leptinella squalida ) is a delightful native New Zealand groundcover, celebrated for its finely dissected, fern-like foliage and tiny, button-like yellow flowers that appear in summer. This low-growing perennial forms a dense, spreading mat, making it an excellent choice for filling gaps between pavers, rock gardens, or as a lawn substitute in shaded areas. Endemic to New Zealand, it is typically found in damp, open areas, forest margins, and along stream banks. Its unique texture and ability to thrive in moist, shaded conditions make it a charming and versatile plant for native plant gardens, showcasing the diversity of New Zealand's groundcovers.
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Button Daisy (Leptinella squalida) is a low-growing, mat-forming perennial herb belonging to the daisy family (Asteraceae). It typically grows only about 1.25 to 5 cm tall but spreads indefinitely by rhizomes or runners, forming dense mats. Its unique, finely dissected, fern-like leaves give it a soft, mossy appearance, and their color can range from green to almost black. It produces tiny, button-like yellow flowers in late spring to early summer, which are not particularly ornamental. The foliage is the most visually appealing aspect of the plant and is evergreen in warmer climates, though it may be deciduous in colder regions. It is often used as a groundcover or lawn substitute due to its ability to tolerate some foot traffic.
Quick Facts
Ground Cover Summary
| Scientific Name | Leptinella squalida |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Button Daisy |
| Family | Asteraceae |
| Height | Creeping, up to 5 cm tall |
| Spread | Spreading, up to 50 cm wide |
| Light | Partial shade to full shade |
| Soil | Moist, well-drained, fertile soils |
| Water Needs | Moderate to high |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate |
| Salt Tolerance | Low |
| Growth Rate | Medium |
| Lifespan | Perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Regional Suitability
Button Daisy ( Leptinella squalida ) is native to New Zealand, typically found in damp, open areas, forest margins, and along stream banks. It thrives in mild, temperate climates with high humidity and consistent rainfall. It prefers sheltered locations, protected from strong winds and harsh frosts. Its natural habitat indicates a preference for cool, shady, and moist conditions. It can be successfully cultivated in similar temperate regions, provided it has good drainage and protection from extreme heat or prolonged severe frosts.
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
Alpine Distribution
Understand the natural habitat of Button Daisy ( Leptinella squalida ), which is found throughout New Zealand, in damp, open areas, forest margins, and along stream banks. This section details its geographical distribution, preferred environmental conditions, and the types of ecosystems where it naturally occurs.
- Widespread across New Zealand, from lowland to montane zones.
- Found in damp, open areas, forest margins, and along stream banks.
- Prefers sheltered sites with good air circulation.
- Thrives in partial to full shade.
Its broad habitat range highlights its adaptability and resilience, making it a fascinating subject for ecological study.
Plant Conservation
Leptinella squalida, commonly known as brass buttons, is a species of flowering plant native to New Zealand. The subspecies Leptinella squalida subsp. squalida is currently classified as "Not Threatened" in New Zealand, a status it has held since at least 2004. While generally not considered at risk nationally, it is noted as "scarce north of Waikato" within New Zealand. The Auckland region has designated it as "Regionally Data Deficient" as of 2025, indicating insufficient data for a comprehensive regional conservation assessment. Leptinella squalida thrives in diverse habitats, including coastal and inland areas, open turf, coastal cliffs, river beds, open grasslands, and damp areas within shrubland and lowland forests. Some varieties can also be found in subalpine to alpine environments. The plant is easily propagated from rooted sections and adapts well to various soil, sun, and shade conditions, making it a popular choice for ground cover and readily available from nurseries. However, its ability to spread aggressively via rhizomes and form dense mats means it can be invasive in certain cultivated settings, potentially requiring containment.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Button Daisy prefers moist, well-drained, and fertile soils. It naturally grows in humus-rich leaf litter in native forests. Amend heavy soils with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. A neutral to slightly acidic pH is ideal. Ensure consistent moisture, especially during dry periods.
- Prefers moist, well-drained, fertile soils.
- Benefits from organic matter enrichment.
- Ideal pH: neutral to slightly acidic.
- Avoid waterlogged conditions.
Light Requirements
Button Daisy thrives in partial to full shade. It is sensitive to direct, harsh sunlight, which can scorch its delicate foliage. Plant it in a sheltered spot under larger trees or on the shaded side of a building where it receives dappled light or indirect sun throughout the day.
- Prefers partial to full shade.
- Avoid direct, harsh sunlight.
- Ideal for underplanting or shaded rock gardens.
Water Requirements
This plant requires consistent moisture, especially during dry periods and its establishment phase. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Regular watering is crucial for healthy growth and abundant flowering. Reduce watering slightly during cooler winter months.
- Requires consistent moisture.
- Keep soil moist, but ensure good drainage.
- Water more frequently during dry spells.
Planting Guide
Best Time to Plant
The best time to plant Button Daisy is during autumn or spring, when temperatures are mild and rainfall is more consistent. This allows the plant to establish its root system before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold.
Choosing a Location
Select a site with partial to full shade and moist, well-drained, fertile soil. Button Daisy is ideal for borders, rock gardens, banks, or as a groundcover. Ensure it has good air circulation and is protected from strong, persistent winds if in an exposed location.
Planting Steps
- Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth.
- Gently remove the plant from its container, being careful not to disturb the roots.
- Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
- Backfill with amended soil, firming gently around the base of the plant.
- Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle the soil.
- Apply a light layer of organic mulch to help retain moisture and suppress weeds, keeping it away from the stem.
Initial Care
Water regularly during the first 6-12 months to help establish a strong root system. Once established, Button Daisy is reasonably low maintenance and requires less frequent watering. Protect young plants from extreme conditions if necessary.
Ecological Role
Ground Cover Ecosystem Importance
The ecological importance of Button Daisy ( Leptinella squalida ) within its native New Zealand ecosystems is significant. Its flowers provide nectar for native insects, and its dense growth provides microhabitats for small invertebrates, contributing to the local food web and biodiversity of its varied habitats.
- Flowers provide nectar for native insects.
- Provides microhabitats for small invertebrates.
- Helps stabilize soil in damp, open areas.
- Contributes to the unique biodiversity of New Zealand.
As an endemic species, it is an integral part of the unique biodiversity that has evolved in New Zealand, supporting the delicate balance of its natural habitats.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
- Excellent groundcover for shaded areas, rock gardens, and borders.
- Suitable for planting between pavers or as a lawn substitute in shaded spots.
- Provides unique texture and visual interest.
- Low maintenance once established.
Landscaping Applications
Garden Design Uses
Button Daisy ( Leptinella squalida ) is a highly versatile and attractive plant for various landscaping applications, particularly in native and low-maintenance gardens. Its low-growing, spreading habit and unique foliage make it a valuable asset.
- Ideal for borders, rock gardens, and groundcover.
- Excellent for planting between pavers or as a lawn substitute in shaded areas.
- Provides year-round interest with evergreen, fern-like foliage.
- Suitable for mass plantings or as an accent plant.
Its ability to thrive in shaded, moist conditions and its aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for creating lush and beautiful native landscapes.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
New growth emerges, and tiny yellow flowers may appear. This is an ideal time for planting new Button Daisy specimens or propagating from division. Ensure consistent moisture for young plants and protect them from strong winds if necessary. A light feed with a balanced liquid fertilizer can encourage vigorous growth.
- Ideal time for planting and propagation.
- Ensure consistent moisture for new plants.
- Light fertilization if needed.
Summer
Button Daisy is actively growing and flowering during summer. Consistent watering is crucial, especially during dry spells, to prevent wilting. Monitor for pests and diseases, though it is generally quite resilient.
- Active growth and flowering.
- Consistent watering is essential.
- Monitor for pests and diseases.
Autumn
Growth slows as temperatures cool. This is another good time for planting, allowing roots to establish before winter. Minimal care is required for established plants, but ensure they remain adequately hydrated.
- Good time for planting.
- Minimal care for established plants.
- Ensure adequate hydration.
Winter
Button Daisy is evergreen and provides year-round interest. It is moderately frost-tolerant and requires minimal care during this period. Ensure good drainage to prevent root issues in wet conditions.
- Evergreen, provides year-round interest.
- Protect young plants from severe frost.
- Ensure good drainage.
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal Maintenance
Button Daisy generally requires minimal pruning. The primary reason for pruning is to remove spent flowers to encourage further blooming, or to tidy up the plant's appearance. Light trimming can encourage denser growth.
- Remove spent flowers (deadhead) to prolong blooming.
- Light trimming to maintain shape and encourage density.
- Best done after the main flush of flowers or in late winter/early spring.
- Use clean, sharp tools.
Avoid heavy pruning, as this can stress the plant. Its natural spreading habit is part of its charm, so allow it to grow naturally.
How to Grow Button Daisy
Button Daisy is a delightful native New Zealand groundcover, celebrated for its finely dissected, fern-like foliage and tiny, button-like yellow flowers. This low-growing perennial forms a dense, spreading mat, making it an excellent choice for filling gaps between pavers, rock gardens, or as a lawn substitute in shaded areas. Endemic to New Zealand, it is typically found in damp, open areas, forest margins, and along stream banks. Its unique texture and ability to thrive in moist, shaded conditions make it a charming and versatile plant for native plant gardens. Understanding its propagation methods is key to successfully growing this delightful species.
From Seed
Propagating Button Daisy from fresh seed is a viable method, though germination can be slow and variable. Collect ripe seeds in late summer or early autumn. Clean the seeds thoroughly to remove any fleshy pulp. Sow the seeds in a tray filled with a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. Maintain consistent moisture in the seed tray and keep it in a warm, sheltered location. Germination can take several weeks to months, so patience is key. Once seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be potted into individual containers and grown in a sheltered environment before planting out. Note that plants grown from seed may show some variation from the parent plant.
From Division
Division of established clumps is the easiest and most reliable method for propagating Button Daisy. This is best done in spring or autumn. Carefully dig up a mature clump and gently separate it into smaller sections, ensuring each section has a healthy portion of roots and some foliage. Replant the divisions immediately into well-prepared soil that is moist, well-drained, and humus-rich. Water thoroughly after planting and keep consistently moist until new growth appears. This method is excellent for quickly expanding your stock of plants and for rejuvenating older, less vigorous clumps.
Pests & Diseases
Button Daisy is generally a robust plant, but it can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases, especially if not grown in optimal conditions.
Common Pests
- Slugs and Snails: Can damage young plants and tender new shoots. Use barriers or baits.
- Aphids: Can infest new growth. Treat with insecticidal soap or remove manually.
Common Diseases
- Powdery Mildew: A fungal disease that can occur in humid conditions with poor air circulation. Ensure good air circulation and remove affected leaves.
- Root Rot: Caused by overwatering or poor drainage. Ensure well-drained soil.
Good garden hygiene, proper watering, and adequate air circulation are key to preventing most pest and disease issues. Regular inspection will help catch problems early.
Cultural Significance
Leptinella squalida, commonly known as Button Daisy or Brass Buttons, holds cultural significance primarily within Māori culture in its native New Zealand. In Māori, the plant is called Pakuratahi.
Traditional Uses:
- Weaving: Its leaves were traditionally used in weaving.
- Medicinal: The plant also has a history of traditional medicinal uses among indigenous people in Australia and New Zealand, where it was employed to treat various ailments such as skin conditions, respiratory problems, and gastrointestinal issues. It was also used as a traditional remedy for insect bites in Australia.
Bonus Tip
Leptinella squalida is so tough and adaptable that it can be used as a "living mulch" around larger plants, helping to suppress weeds and retain soil moisture. Its dense, mat-forming habit creates a living carpet that is both beautiful and functional.
