Harakeke (New Zealand Flax)
Phormium tenax
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) is a versatile New Zealand flax. Learn more about wetland plants.
Image credit: Harakeke (Phormium tenax). Photo by Wikipedia contributors, via Wikipedia
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Phormium tenax |
|---|---|
| Height | Up to 3 m (10 ft) tall flower stalks; leaves 1–2 m (3–6 ft) |
| Spread | 1–2 m (3–6 ft) wide clumps |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate; drought-tolerant once established |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | High; tolerates moderate to heavy frosts |
| Salt Tolerance | High; very tolerant of coastal exposure |
| Growth Rate | Moderate to fast |
| Lifespan | Long-lived perennial; decades in suitable conditions |
Climate Suitability
| City | Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Growing Requirements
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) grows best in full sun to partial shade and tolerates a wide range of soils, including heavy clay and sandy soils. It prefers moist, fertile soil but is drought-tolerant once established. Regular watering during dry periods encourages lush growth. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Harakeke is wind and salt-tolerant, making it suitable for coastal gardens.
Uses
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) is highly valued for its strong, fibrous leaves, traditionally used by Māori for weaving baskets, mats, ropes, and clothing. The nectar is a food source for native birds, and the plant is also used in landscaping for its striking appearance and resilience. Harakeke has medicinal uses, with gel from the leaves applied to wounds and burns.
Spring
- New growth begins
- Apply a balanced fertilizer if desired (though not usually necessary)
- A good time to plant new specimens or divide offsets
- Monitor for new pest activity
Summer
- Flowering typically occurs in early summer
- Water young trees during extended dry periods
- Look out for infestations of moth caterpillars
- No pruning needed during the growing season
Autumn
- White or cream berries develop and ripen
- Natural leaf shedding occurs (normal part of growth cycle)
- Good time for planting new specimens
- Clean up fallen leaves if desired
Winter
- Generally dormant with minimal growth
- No special winter protection needed in most of New Zealand
- Suitable time for pruning if needed
- Fallen leaves can be left as mulch or removed for tidiness
Care & Maintenance
When to Prune and How Much
Harakeke requires minimal pruning. Remove dead or damaged leaves at the base. Avoid cutting into the central fan. Prune in late winter or early spring for best results.
Pruning
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) requires minimal pruning. Remove dead or damaged leaves at the base with a sharp knife or secateurs. Pruning is best done in late winter or early spring. Avoid cutting healthy leaves, as this can reduce the plant’s vigor. Regular removal of spent flower stalks keeps the plant tidy.
Planting Guide
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) prefers full sun and well-drained soil. Plant with the base of the leaves just above soil level. Water regularly until established, then only during prolonged dry periods. Mulch to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Space plants at least 1 meter apart for best growth.
Propagation Methods
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) is best propagated by division of established clumps in late winter or early spring. Offsets with roots can be separated and replanted. It can also be grown from fresh seed, though seedlings may vary in leaf form and vigor.
Cultural History
Harakeke (Phormium tenax) holds great significance in Māori culture. Its strong, fibrous leaves have been used for centuries to weave kete (baskets), whāriki (mats), ropes, and clothing. The plant is also important in traditional medicine and features in many Māori legends and proverbs. Harakeke weaving remains a vibrant art form in New Zealand today.
Pests & Diseases
Harakeke is generally hardy but can be affected by pests such as flax looper caterpillars, scale insects, and mealybugs. Fungal diseases like leaf spot and root rot may occur in poorly drained soils. Regularly inspect plants and remove affected leaves. Encourage natural predators and avoid overhead watering to reduce disease risk.
Bonus Tip
To encourage strong, healthy growth, remove flower stalks after blooming. This helps the plant focus energy on leaf production and maintains a tidy appearance.
Cultural Significance
Learn more about the cultural significance of native trees in Cultural Plants.