Harakeke
Phormium tenax
Introduction
Introduction Overview
Harakeke ( Phormium ) is a versatile New Zealand flax . Learn more about wetland plants .
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Harakeke (Phormium tenax), commonly known as New Zealand flax, is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It grows in clumps of long, sword-shaped, strap-like leaves that can reach up to two meters in length. The leaves are typically bright green or blue-grey, with some cultivated varieties featuring bronze, purple, or variegated leaves with stripes of pink, red, orange, or purple. From these clumps, a much taller flowering shoot emerges, bearing dramatic yellow or red tubular flowers that can attract hummingbirds. Historically, it was a crucial resource for the Mori people, who used its strong fibers for weaving textiles, ropes, and baskets. After European arrival, it was also used in rope and sail making until at least World War II.
Quick Facts
Quick Facts Overview
| Scientific Name | Phormium tenax |
|---|---|
| Height | Up to 3 m (10 ft) tall flower stalks; leaves 1-2 m (3-6 ft) |
| Spread | 1-2 m (3-6 ft) wide clumps |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate; drought-tolerant once established |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | High; tolerates moderate to heavy frosts |
| Salt Tolerance | High; very tolerant of coastal exposure |
| Growth Rate | Moderate to fast |
| Lifespan | Long-lived perennial; decades in suitable conditions |
Climate Best Suited to
Phormium is native to New Zealand and thrives in the country's diverse climate conditions. It adapts well to various regional climates throughout the country.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
Natural Habitat Overview
Phormium is naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand. Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.
Plant Conservation
Conservation
Phormium tenax, commonly known as New Zealand flax or harakeke, holds a complex conservation status depending on its geographical location. In its native New Zealand, the plant is generally classified as "Not Threatened" at both national and regional levels. However, Phormium tenax in New Zealand faces a significant threat from "flax dieback" or "yellow-leaf disease." This condition is caused by a phytoplasma (bacterium) transmitted by the native flax plant hopper, leading to yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and potentially the collapse of entire plant populations. Conversely, outside of its native range, Phormium tenax can become an invasive species. It is considered a major threat to critically endangered plant species on islands such as Saint Helena, where it outcompetes native flora and alters natural habitats, thereby reducing suitable environments for native bird species. Efforts to control its spread have included eradication programs in areas like Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands within the Tristan da Cunha archipelago. Beyond its ecological considerations, Phormium tenax is culturally significant to the Māori people, who traditionally utilize its strong fibers for weaving. The plant also plays an ecological role by supporting native birds and insects and is used for erosion control due to its robust root system.
Soil Requirements
Phormium prefers well-draining soil with good organic content. It can adapt to various soil types but performs best in loamy or sandy soils.
Water Needs
Phormium requires moderate watering, especially during establishment. Once established , it becomes more drought-tolerant.
Light Requirements
Phormium grows best in full sun to partial shade, depending on the specific species and local climate conditions.
Temperature
Phormium is well-adapted to New Zealand's temperate climate and can tolerate both warm summers and cool winters.
Planting Guide
When to Plant
The best time to plant Phormium is during spring or autumn when soil temperatures are moderate and rainfall is reliable.
How to Plant
Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and slightly deeper. Place Phormium in the hole, backfill with soil, and water thoroughly. Mulch around the base to retain moisture.
Ecological Role
Wildlife Interactions
This plant plays an important ecological role in New Zealand's native ecosystems. It provides habitat and food for native wildlife and contributes to ecosystem health and biodiversity.
Uses & Significance
Phormium tenax, commonly known as New Zealand flax or harakeke in Māori, is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It holds significant cultural, economic, and ecological importance.
Traditional Māori Uses:
Phormium tenax was a vital resource for the Māori people, serving as their most important textile fiber before European contact. Its long, strong leaves were extensively used for:
- Textiles and Weaving: Fibers were woven into garments like cloaks (kākahu), mats (whāriki), baskets (kete), and other containers. The broad leaves allowed for a variety of strip lengths, making it suitable for diverse objects.
- Cordage and Ropes: Fibers were twisted into ropes (muka) for fishing lines, nets, and binding. Historically, it was also used for rope and sail making by Europeans until at least WWII.
- Medicinal Purposes (Rongoā Māori): The sap from the base of the leaves was applied as an antiseptic to cuts, burns, and wounds. Fibers were used to bind wounds, and extracts from the roots were used for digestive issues and as a disinfectant. The nectar from the flowers was also used as a sweetener for medicines.
- Other Crafts: Split leaves were used to make sandals, straps, and bird snares. The plant was also a decorative and structural element in tukutuku, the woven panels found in Māori meeting houses (wharenui).
- Food and Drink: The nectar from the flowers was consumed as a sweetener, and the roasted seeds were used as a coffee substitute. An edible gum could also be obtained from the base of the leaves.
Modern Applications:
- Ornamental Plant: Phormium tenax is a popular ornamental plant in gardens worldwide due to its striking sword-like leaves, which come in various colors, and tall flower spikes. It adds an exotic touch to landscapes and is valued for its structural form.
- Landscaping and Erosion Control: Its deep root system helps stabilize soil, making it effective for erosion control on slopes and riverbanks. It is also used for hedging, shelterbelts, and as a pioneer plant in restoration efforts.
- Sustainable Materials: Harakeke fibers are being explored for use in eco-friendly textiles, composites, and high-quality paper production.
- Cosmetics: Today, flax extracts are used in soaps, hand creams, shampoos, and other cosmetic products.
Ecological Significance:
- Habitat and Food Source: The flowers produce abundant nectar, attracting native birds (such as tūī and bellbirds) and pollinators like bees, contributing to biodiversity. It also provides shelter for insects and small animals.
- Wetland Restoration: Phormium tenax thrives in wet environments and can help filter pollutants from water, making it useful in wetland restoration projects.
- Coastal Cover: It is a coastal cover plant associated with significant habitats, such as the breeding grounds for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin.
Other Significance:
- Historical Economic Importance: The fiber of Phormium tenax was a significant export for New Zealand, particularly for rope and twine manufacturing, and there were attempts at commercial cultivation.
- Adaptability: The plant is remarkably adaptable, thriving in various conditions from seasonal swamps to well-drained soil, and tolerating strong winds and frost.
- Invasive Species: While native to New Zealand, it has become an invasive species in some Pacific Islands and Australia.
Landscaping Uses
Landscaping Uses Overview
This plant is highly valued in landscaping for its aesthetic appeal and practical benefits. It can be used in various garden styles and landscape applications.
Spring
- New growth begins
- Apply a balanced fertilizer if desired (though not usually necessary)
- A good time to plant new specimens or divide offsets
- Monitor for new pest activity
Summer
- Flowering typically occurs in early summer
- Water young trees during extended dry periods
- Look out for infestations of moth caterpillars
- No pruning needed during the growing season
Autumn
- White or cream berries develop and ripen
- Natural leaf shedding occurs (normal part of growth cycle)
- Good time for planting new specimens
- Clean up fallen leaves if desired
Winter
- Generally dormant with minimal growth
- No special winter protection needed in most of New Zealand
- Suitable time for pruning if needed
- Fallen leaves can be left as mulch or removed for tidiness
Pruning and Maintenance
Pruning Guidelines
Regular pruning of Phormium helps maintain its health and desired shape. Remove any dead, diseased, or crossing branches to improve air circulation and reduce the risk of pest and disease problems.
For most native plants, light pruning throughout the growing season is better than heavy pruning at once. This approach encourages healthy new growth while maintaining the plant's natural form and character.
How to Grow Harakeke
Harakeke, also known as New Zealand Flax, is a versatile and iconic native plant, celebrated for its strong, fibrous leaves and tall flower stalks bearing red or yellow flowers. This evergreen perennial is found throughout New Zealand, typically in wetlands, coastal areas, and open grasslands. Its robust nature and attractive form make it a popular choice for native plant gardens, mass plantings, or as a specimen plant. Harakeke is a resilient and ecologically important plant that adds unique texture and character to any landscape, showcasing the adaptability of New Zealand's native flora. Understanding its propagation methods is key to successfully growing this delightful species.
From Seed
Propagating Harakeke from fresh seed is a viable method, though germination can be slow and variable. Collect ripe seeds in late autumn or early winter. Clean the seeds thoroughly to remove any fleshy pulp. Sow the seeds in a tray filled with a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. Maintain consistent moisture in the seed tray and keep it in a warm, sheltered location. Germination can take several weeks to months. Once seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be potted into individual containers and grown in a sheltered environment before planting out.
From Division
Division of established clumps is the easiest and most reliable method for propagating Harakeke, particularly for home gardeners. This is best done in spring or autumn. Carefully dig up a mature clump and gently separate it into smaller sections, ensuring each division has a healthy portion of roots and leaves. Replant the divisions immediately into prepared soil that is moist, well-drained, and humus-rich. Water thoroughly and keep consistently moist until new growth appears. This method is excellent for quickly expanding your stock of plants and for rejuvenating older, less vigorous clumps.
Pests and Diseases
Common Pests
Phormium is generally resistant to most pests due to its native adaptations. However, it may occasionally be affected by common garden pests such as aphids or scale insects.
Disease Prevention
To prevent diseases, ensure good air circulation around Phormium and avoid overwatering. Remove any diseased plant material promptly to prevent spread.
Cultural Significance
Cultural Importance
Harakeke Weaving
Harakeke is central to Māori weaving (raranga, whatu): outer leaves are harvested to make kete, whāriki, cords, and fine muka for cloaks. Cultivated pā harakeke and tikanga around harvesting endure in contemporary art and community practice.
Phormium tenax, commonly known as New Zealand flax or harakeke, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand. It is not closely related to European flax (Linum usitatissimum) but is a type of lily. The fan-shaped harakeke plant symbolizes a whānau (family) to Māori. The inner shoot, called the rito, represents a child and is never removed. The leaves on either side, the awhi rito, are seen as parents and are also not harvested. Only the outer leaves, representing extended family members, are harvested, ensuring the plant's survival and sustainability. Harakeke was a vital resource for Māori, used for a multitude of purposes. Its strong fibers were extracted to create clothing (like kākaku cloaks), fishing nets, ropes, bindings, baskets (kete), and mats (whāriki). The plant was also used in medicine; for example, a gel from the leaves was used as an antiseptic and to soothe burns and wounds, and a boiled tonic was used for diarrhea. Māori cherished and cultivated harakeke in special plantations called pā harakeke. They developed specific protocols (tikanga) for harvesting to ensure the plant's health and sustainability. These included saying a karakia (prayer) before cutting, cutting on the diagonal away from the plant's heart, and not harvesting at night or in the rain. Pregnant or menstruating women customarily did not harvest or weave due to their sacred (tapu) state. Harakeke was New Zealand's first export crop. Māori traded hand-dressed fiber and products with early European explorers, who valued it for ship rigging. From the 1820s to the 1900s, European settlers exported large quantities of the fiber overseas. While many traditional uses declined over time, there has been a resurgence in using harakeke in modern Māori art and craft. The art of weaving with harakeke is a specialized skill that passes on cultural values and respects the plant's life force (mauri).
Bonus Tip
Harakeke is not actually related to true flax. Its name comes from the Greek word "phormion" meaning "mat," and the specific epithet "tenax" meaning "strong" or "tenacious," both referring to the incredibly strong fibers extracted from its leaves.
