<i>Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum</i>(Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum) hero image

Piripiri

Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum

Not specified

This native plant, known as Piripiri (scientific name: Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum</i>(Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum) showing <i>Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum</i>growth habit
Image credit: Piripiri (Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Piripiri is a small terrestrial or epiphytic fern that grows from a long-creeping, slender rhizome Discover more about native ferns. It typically forms expansive, interwoven mats that can cover large sections of their host surface. The fronds are a deep, dark green and typically range from 5 to 25 cm in length, occasionally reaching up to 30 cm in very sheltered, wet sites. The fronds are ovate to elliptic in overall shape and are deeply divided (3-4-pinnate), giving them a fine, almost lace-like appearance.The stipes (leaf stalks) are slender, dark brown or black, and notably winged along most of their length. A key identifying feature is the aromatic nature of the fronds, which emit a distinctive, sharp scent. The reproductive structures (sori) are produced on short branches in the upper part of the frond. Each sorus is protected by an indusium that is ovoid-elliptic and features 3 to 5 longitudinal ridges on its outer surface - a detail that helps botanists distinguish it from other similar species. The plant's ability to curl its fronds tightly during dry periods allows it to survive in habitats that would be too harsh for most other filmy ferns.

Quick Facts

Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum quick facts
Scientific Name Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum
Height 5-30 cm
Spread Extensive creeping mats
Water Needs High; prefers consistent humidity but handles dry cycles
Light Deep to partial shade
Frost Tolerance High (protected by forest canopy)
Salt Tolerance Moderate
Growth Rate Slow to Medium
Lifespan Perennial

Climate Best Suited to

Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

The habitat of Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum is one of the broadest among New Zealand ferns. It is found from coastal forest gaps up to the subalpine zone. Its primary habitats include moist, shaded forest floors, the mossy surfaces of rotten logs and stumps, and the shaded faces of rock outcrops and canyon walls. It is frequently an epiphyte, perching on the trunks and branches of a wide variety of forest trees. It is particularly common in areas where environmental stress - such as periodic low humidity or high light - excludes more sensitive filmy ferns. It is a key member of the "epiphytic tapestry" in mature New Zealand rainforests.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Piripiri

Cultivating Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum ( Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Piripiri is recognized by Māori as an integral part of the forest's life-giving moisture system. While the name "Piripiri" is also used for the unrelated Acaena species (burburs), the filmy fern was valued for its presence in the ngahere. Today, it is respected as a taonga of our high-humidity forests and a symbol of the intricate beauty of New Zealand's vertical landscapes.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Piripiri is currently classified as "Not Threatened." It remains one of our most successful and widespread filmy ferns. Its ability to tolerate drought and colonize human-modified habitats like old stone walls ensures its security. However, it still relies on the maintenance of forest fragments and the protection of large-scale forest tracks where it forms its characteristic dense carpets. The primary localized threat is the removal of forest canopies, which leads to a drop in the humidity levels required for its best growth. It is a staple indicator of healthy, regenerating native bush.