Perching Lily
Astelia solandri
The Perching Lily (scientific name: Astelia solandri ), also commonly known as Kōwharawhara, is a striking and architectural evergreen perennial herb native to New Zealand. A specialized member of the Asteliaceae family, it is recognized for its massive, nest-like clumps that typically perch high in the forks of mature forest trees. It thrives in the humid coastal and lowland forests across both islands, where its arching, sword-shaped leaves have evolved to capture moisture and nutrients from the air. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, its unique role as an arboreal habitat hub, and its significant ecological and cultural importance within the New Zealand bush. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for all native species .
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Astelia solandri is a robust perennial herb that forms large, distinctive clumps measuring 1 to 1.5 meters in height and width. It is characterized by its long, strap-like leaves that can reach over a meter in length, typically possessing a bright, glossy green upper surface and a silvery sheen underneath. As a dioecious species, it produces separate male and female flower spikes during the spring months. On female plants, these are followed in autumn by attractive orange berries. The entire plant has a bold, sculptural presence that provides year-round structural interest, whether perching epiphytically in the forest canopy or growing as a terrestrial feature in well-drained, shaded garden designs.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Astelia solandri |
|---|---|
| Height | 1-1.5 m (as clumps) |
| Spread | 1-1.5 m |
| Water Needs | Moderate; requires consistent moisture |
| Light | Partial shade to deep shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate; hardy in native habitats |
| Salt Tolerance | Moderate; found in coastal forests |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Perching Lily is well adapted to the humid, temperate climates of New Zealand, flourishing in northern and western forest environments where high rainfall and oceanic influences mimic its natural canopy origins.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Nelson | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
In its natural environment, the Kōwharawhara is primarily found in the specialized ecosystems of New Zealand's coastal and lowland forests. It has evolved to occupy niches as an epiphyte, growing in the forks and on the branches of mature native trees, where it forms massive, moisture-retentive colonies. It is also frequently found as a lithophyte on shaded rock cliffs or occasionally terrestrially on damp forest floors. It thrives in high-humidity areas from sea level up to montane altitudes, preferring sites that provide protection from intense solar radiation. Its presence in these habitats highlights its role as an "epicenter for forest life," providing stable platforms for a diverse array of arboreal biodiversity.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers organic-rich, free-draining bark or humus mix.
- Well-drained
- High organic content
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full shade; protect from direct hot sun.
- Full Shade
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering; maintain humidity in the leaf base.
- Regular
- Avoid stagnant rot
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
To successfully establish Astelia solandri , choose a position that is shaded or sheltered and provides a cool, moist root run. Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and enrich the ground with plenty of organic compost or bark chips before planting. If growing terrestrially, ensure the crown is set level with the soil surface to prevent rot. Planting during the cooler, moist months of autumn or spring is ideal, allowing the plant to establish its root system before summer dry spells. Providing a consistently humid micro-environment and applying a thick layer of organic mulch will help maintain the stable soil conditions this spectacular "nest lily" prefers for healthy establishment.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Perching Lily plays a vital role in New Zealand's forest ecosystems by creating elevated habitats that support a wide range of native life. Its massive clumps capture falling organic matter, forming humus-rich pockets that retain moisture and nutrients in the canopy. These "nesting grounds" provide essential shelter and resources for specialized native invertebrates and arboreal lizards. The autumn berries offer a crucial food source for native birds like tūī and kererū, which in turn assist in seed dispersal across the forest canopy. By adding vertical complexity to the forest structure, it acts as a resilient biological hub that enhances the overall biodiversity and ecological health of our unique lowland rainforest communities.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
In a garden setting, Astelia solandri is an excellent choice for architectural native landscapes, shady borders, or as a spectacular specimen in a large container. Its glossy emerald foliage provides a high ornamental value year-round and adds an elegant texture that contrasts well with broader-leaved shade plants. It is highly valued for its ability to be grown in hanging baskets or mounted on structures to emulate its natural epiphytic habit. Its lush clumping form and architectural silhouette make it a favorite for gardeners wishing to create authentic forest-like displays that showcase the sophisticated beauty and specialized adaptations of New Zealand's diverse "perching" lily species.
- Epiphytic features
- Potted specimen
- Shady ferneries
Ecological Value
Beyond its ornamental appeal, this species holds significant cultural and practical importance. Known as Kōwharawhara , the leaves were traditionally utilized by Māori for weaving, and the berries were a seasonal food resource. The plant was also a central component of traditional medicine (rongoā), representing the deep spiritual connection between the people of Aotearoa and the native forest flora. This historical link emphasizes the lily's significant cultural heritage as a respected resource within the ongoing tapestry of New Zealand's natural and indigenous history, often featured in traditional stories and forest lore.
- Traditional weaving resource
- Native bird attractant
Landscaping Uses
Modern landscaping can utilize Astelia solandri to create naturalistic ground and vertical layers in specialized native or contemporary designs. Its architectural foliage and clumping habit make it a perfect softening element for the edges of forest paths or as a lush focal point in a shaded courtyard garden. Designers often use it to add a sense of permanence and regional identity to a project, where its unique form can be highlighted against a textured bark or rock backdrop. Its ability to maintain a neat habit while providing year-round structural interest makes it a reliable and decorative performer for high-impact native landscaping projects in cooler, sheltered regions.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
As new leaves and flowers emerge, ensure the soil moisture is consistent and ambient humidity remains high. This is the optimal time for maintenance pruning to remove any winter damage and to apply a light dressing of organic compost around the base.
- Spring pruning
- Monitor growth
Summer
Maintain high ambient humidity through regular misting or extra watering during prolonged dry spells. Ensure the plant remains well-shaded from intense midday sun, which can quickly scorch the glossy fronds. Monitor for common garden pests.
- Maintain humidity
- Provide shade
Autumn
The fleshy orange berries will mature and attract native birds. Tidy up the area by removing any dead flower stalks or large fallen leaves that might smother the central crown. Ensure the site remains well-drained as the weather becomes wetter and cooler.
- Berry enjoyment
- Tidy debris
Winter
Naturally quite hardy in its forest range but sensitive to severe frosts. Minimal intervention is needed during the dormant winter months; simply ensure the area stays free of heavy organic debris that could trap stagnant moisture around the base.
- Frost protection
- Clear debris
When to Prune and How Much
Astelia solandri requires very little pruning to stay healthy. Maintenance is primarily limited to manually removing any old, yellowing, or winter-damaged leaves at their base in late winter or early spring before the new growth cycle begins. This improves air circulation around the crown and keeps the plant looking tidy and fresh. Always cut leaves as close to the base as possible using sharp, sterilized tools, taking care not to damage the central crown. Avoid cutting into the healthy green foliage to maintain the plant's characteristic architectural form. Proper maintenance ensures the plant remains a neat and distinctive feature throughout the year.
- Remove dead leaves
- Maintenance thinning
Always use clean, sharp tools.
How to Grow Perching Lily
Cultivating Perching Lily ( Astelia solandri ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique epiphytic flora. This resilient species is best grown from fresh seed or through the careful division of established clumps. Replicating its natural well-drained, organic-rich and highly humid forest canopy habitat is the most critical factor for ensuring long-term success and maintaining its healthy, glossy foliage in a garden setting.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most reliable method for producing new plants. Seeds should be collected from the mature orange berries in autumn. Clean the fleshy pulp from the seeds and sow them immediately onto the surface of a moist, well-drained, organic-rich seed-raising mix. They require bright, indirect light and consistent moisture to germinate effectively. Germination can be slow and sometimes erratic, often beginning in spring as temperatures rise. Young seedlings should be pricked out into individual containers once they are large enough to handle and kept in a moist, protected spot until they are robust enough for permanent planting.
Sow fresh seeds in a standard mix.
- Collect mature berries
- Clean pulp from seeds
Keep moist until germination occurs.
From Cuttings
Vegetative propagation via division of established clumps is the fastest method for producing new plants and is best performed in early spring as new growth commences. Carefully lift a healthy clump and divide the central stock into smaller sections, ensuring that each new division has at least one active growing point and a substantial portion of the original root system. These divisions should be replanted immediately into a moist, well-draining potting medium and kept in a cool, bright, and highly humid spot until signs of new growth are observed, indicating that they have successfully re-established themselves and are ready for the garden.
Division is best attempted in early spring.
- Select healthy rhizomes
- Replant in moist soil
Additional Methods
Ensuring the right growing environment is often more critical than complex propagation techniques for this species. It thrives when its roots are kept cool and moist within an organic substrate, making it perfect for specialized shady rockeries or native forest borders. Avoid areas subject to intense midday heat or prolonged drought, which can cause the glossy fronds to scorch and decline. Once established, the lily is relatively low-maintenance, requiring only regular watering and occasional misting during dry periods to maintain its healthy architectural form and vibrant green presence throughout its lifespan in your garden.
Once planted, it requires very little intervention.
- Monitor soil moisture
- Maintain high humidity
Pests & Diseases
This species is remarkably resistant to most common garden pests, though it may occasionally attract scale insects or aphids if grown in overly stagnant or dry spots. Regular monitoring and the use of non-toxic, organic controls are recommended to keep the foliage healthy. The primary risk in cultivation is root or crown rot, which occurs if the soil remains waterlogged or if drainage is poor. Maintaining good air circulation and ensuring that the planting site has excellent drainage are the best ways to ensure the long-term health and resilience of this hardy native perching perennial throughout its life in your native plant collection.
Cultural Significance
Known by the Māori name Kōwharawhara, Astelia solandri holds significant historical and cultural importance in New Zealand. Traditionally, its leaves were valued as a versatile weaving material, and the berries were a food resource. The plant held a place in native lore, often being considered the home of fairies due to its role as a biological center for canopy life. This species stands as a symbol of the deep connection between Māori and the native flora, where the unique properties of forest plants were understood and respected within traditional knowledge systems for both practical needs and spiritual expression within Aotearoa's natural heritage.
- Traditional weaving resource
- Forest spiritual heritage
Bonus Tip
To truly showcase the spectacular architectural beauty of the Perching Lily, plant it in a large hanging basket or mount it onto a textured piece of driftwood. The natural arching of the fronds creates a lush and naturalistic forest-like display that brings a touch of wild New Zealand forest canopy elegance directly into your own shaded garden or courtyard landscape design.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Perching Lily ( Astelia solandri ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status and Threats
Currently classified as 'Not Threatened' nationally, Astelia solandri remains a stable and characteristic part of New Zealand's forest biodiversity. However, its epiphytic clumps can be vulnerable to physical destruction from land development and the loss of mature host trees. Ensuring that primary native forest habitats and coastal margins remain protected from excessive human disturbance is key to maintaining the healthy populations of the Perching Lily that currently thrive across its natural range on both the North and South Islands.