Aciphylla anomala with rigid, spiny leaves and a developing flower spike

Speargrass

Aciphylla anomala

Not Threatened

Aciphylla anomala is one of New Zealand's smaller speargrasses, distinguished by its relatively compact size and unusual distribution pattern that gives it its name 'anomala' meaning anomalous or irregular. Endemic to the South Island, this distinctive member of the carrot family (Apiaceae) forms neat rosettes of sharp-pointed leaves in subalpine to alpine grasslands and herbfields. Found primarily between 900 and 1800 meters elevation, it occupies a niche between the larger speargrasses of lower elevations and the cushion plants of the high alpine zone. Despite its smaller stature compared to giants like A. colensoi , it maintains the characteristic fierce armament that defines the genus - leaves sharp enough to penetrate leather. This species exemplifies the remarkable diversity within New Zealand's alpine flora , having evolved unique adaptations to its specific ecological niche.

Close view of spiny leaf segments typical of New Zealand speargrasses
Image credit: Speargrass ( Aciphylla anomala ) - Photo by Wikipedia contributors, via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Aciphylla anomala forms compact rosettes of rigid, pinnately divided leaves that radiate from a woody crown. Individual leaves are 8-20 cm long, divided into 3-5 pairs of narrow segments plus a terminal segment, each ending in a sharp yellow spine. The leaves are somewhat softer and more flexible than those of larger speargrass species, though still capable of inflicting painful wounds. They are blue-green to gray-green with yellow margins that become more pronounced in winter.

The rootstock is relatively slender compared to other speargrasses, with a taproot extending 30-60 cm deep. This more modest root system reflects the species' preference for somewhat more favorable microsites than its larger relatives. The crown is protected by persistent dead leaves that form a protective collar around the living rosette.

Flowering is irregular, typically every 2-3 years from December to February. The species is dioecious with separate male and female plants. Inflorescences are relatively small, rising 20-40 cm tall with compound umbels of tiny cream to pale yellow flowers. Male plants produce more conspicuous displays with larger flower heads. The flowers emit a faint sweet scent that attracts small alpine insects. Seeds are flattened achenes 4-6 mm long with narrow wings, dispersed by wind in autumn. The species shows lower seed production than many other speargrasses, possibly contributing to its restricted distribution.

Quick Facts

Aciphylla anomala quick facts
Scientific Name Aciphylla anomala
Height 20-60 cm
Family Apiaceae
Form Spiny rosette; tall flowering stems on maturity
Light Full sun; high light exposure
Soil Free-draining, stony or sandy; avoid waterlogging
Tolerance Wind, cold, drought once established
Water Needs Low to moderate
Spread 30-60 cm
Frost Tolerance High - tolerant of severe freezes
Salt Tolerance Low to moderate
Growth Rate Fast
Lifespan Long-lived perennial

Climate Best Suited to

Alpine to subalpine districts with cool summers, strong airflow and rapid drainage.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Aciphylla anomala
City Climate Suitability
Queenstown Ideal
Wānaka Ideal
Twizel Ideal
Christchurch Moderate
Wellington Moderate
Auckland Marginal
Dunedin Excellent
Hamilton Challenging - requires cool conditions
Tauranga Challenging - requires cool conditions
Napier Challenging - requires cool conditions
Palmerston North Good
Nelson Good
Invercargill Excellent
New Plymouth Challenging - requires cool conditions
Rotorua Challenging - requires cool conditions
Whangarei Challenging - requires cool conditions
Whangārei Suitable
Gisborne Suitable
Whanganui Suitable

Plant Habitat

Aciphylla anomala occupies a relatively narrow ecological niche in subalpine to low alpine zones between 900 and 1800 meters elevation. It shows a preference for moderately stable sites with some soil development, avoiding both the exposed fellfields favored by cushion plants and the deep soils where larger speargrasses dominate. This intermediate habitat preference may explain its 'anomalous' distribution pattern.

The species favors well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 5.5-7.0) with moderate organic content. Unlike many alpine plants, it seems to require some nutrient availability, often growing in sites enriched by seepage or where snow lies briefly in spring, providing meltwater and nutrients. It avoids extremely oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) sites as well as highly fertile areas where competition would be intense.

Common associates include mid-sized tussock grasses like Chionochloa australis , herbs such as Celmisia species and Ranunculus lyallii , and small shrubs including Hebe species. It often grows in the transition zone between tussock grassland and alpine herbfield, occupying gaps between tussocks where light competition is reduced. The species appears to be a weak competitor, persisting mainly where environmental conditions limit the growth of more vigorous plants.

Plant Conservation

Listed as 'At Risk - Naturally Uncommon', Aciphylla anomala has always been naturally rare with a restricted and patchy distribution. Population sizes are generally small, with many sites supporting fewer than 100 plants. This natural rarity makes the species vulnerable to stochastic events and habitat degradation.

Historical impacts from burning and grazing have likely reduced some populations, particularly at lower elevations. While the spiny leaves deter most browsers, young plants before spine development are vulnerable to hares and possums. Trampling by deer and recreational users poses localized threats.

Climate change presents significant challenges. The species' narrow habitat requirements and apparent weak competitive ability make it vulnerable to vegetation changes. Warming temperatures may allow more vigorous species to invade its specialized niche. Additionally, changes in snow patterns could disrupt the seasonal moisture regime the species appears to depend on. Conservation efforts focus on protecting known populations and understanding the species' specific ecological requirements.

Growing Requirements

Soil

Very free-draining, gritty mix; raised beds or rock gardens suit best.

Light

Full sun; strong light encourages sturdy growth.

Water

Low to moderate; keep crowns dry in winter.

Planting Guide

Best Planting Practices

Plant high in a mound or among rocks to ensure rapid runoff; avoid close foot traffic due to sharp foliage. Successful establishment requires careful attention to site preparation, timing, and ongoing care. Consider local climate conditions and soil characteristics when selecting planting locations. Regular monitoring during establishment ensures the best outcomes for long-term plant health and development.

Ecological Role

Environmental Benefits

Aciphylla anomala fills a unique niche in subalpine ecosystems, bridging the gap between lowland and truly alpine species. Its moderate size and defensive armament create small-scale safe sites for less defended plants, though this facilitation effect is less pronounced than with larger speargrass species.

The species supports a subset of the specialized insects associated with speargrasses. Several weevil species utilize the plants, though at lower densities than on larger hosts. The flowers provide nectar for alpine flies, bees, and moths during the brief summer flowering period. The relatively low flower production may limit the species' importance as a nectar source compared to more prolific relatives.

The patchy distribution and small population sizes suggest the species may be a relict from different climatic conditions, possibly persisting in refugia that maintain suitable conditions. This biogeographic pattern makes it valuable for understanding vegetation history and climate change impacts in New Zealand's mountains.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Striking architectural accent in rock and gravel gardens; best for experienced alpine gardeners. Traditional and contemporary uses reflect both cultural significance and practical applications in modern horticulture and conservation. Understanding these various uses helps appreciate the full value of the species beyond its ornamental qualities.

Landscaping Uses

Garden Design Applications

Excellent for rock gardens, alpine collections, and naturalistic plantings. Best used in open, well-drained positions where its distinctive form can be appreciated. Combines well with other native alpine plants and provides year-round structure. Consider placement carefully due to sharp foliage - avoid high-traffic areas. Creates dramatic focal points in contemporary and native-themed garden designs.

Seasonal Care

Year-Round Maintenance

Spring management focuses on removing winter-damaged foliage and assessing drainage. Summer care emphasizes maintaining adequate moisture without waterlogging. Autumn preparation includes reducing irrigation and ensuring good air circulation. Winter protection may require covering in areas subject to excessive moisture. Year-round monitoring ensures early detection of problems and maintenance of optimal growing conditions.

When to Prune and How Much

Speargrass ( Aciphylla anomala ) ( Aciphylla anomala ) requires minimal pruning to maintain its natural form and health. Focus on removing dead or damaged material and light shaping as needed.

  • Remove dead, damaged, or diseased growth at any time of year
  • Light pruning after flowering to maintain shape if needed
  • Avoid heavy pruning as this may stress the plant
  • Use clean, sharp tools to prevent disease transmission

Always prune conservatively, as native plants often have slower recovery rates than exotic species.

How to Grow Anomalous Speargrass

From Seed

Seed propagation is challenging due to irregular seed production and low viability. Collect seeds when fully ripe (February-March) as achenes turn brown. Fresh seed is essential - viability drops rapidly with storage. Cold stratification for 12-16 weeks at 2-4°C is necessary for germination.

Sow stratified seeds in deep containers with ultra-free-draining mix: 40% pumice, 40% coarse sand, 20% compost. Surface sow or barely cover. Germination occurs slowly and erratically at 8-15°C over 2-6 months, with rates rarely exceeding 30%. Seedlings grow very slowly, producing only 3-4 leaves in the first year.

The taproot develops quickly, requiring deep pots from the start. Transplant carefully when 18-24 months old, avoiding root disturbance. Plants may take 5-8 years to reach flowering size.

From Division

Division is rarely successful and not recommended. The relatively small size and slow growth rate mean even mature plants have limited material for division. The taproot system resents disturbance, with divisions often failing to establish. This method should only be considered for preserving unique genetic material when seed is unavailable.

Cultivation Tips

Successful cultivation requires understanding the natural habitat and replicating key environmental conditions. This species thrives in cool, well-ventilated environments with excellent drainage. In warmer climates, consider using an alpine house or cold frame to provide the necessary conditions. Regular monitoring for signs of stress, such as browning or soft growth, allows early intervention before problems become serious.

Seasonal Management

During the active growing season (spring to early autumn), maintain consistent but light moisture levels. Winter management is critical - reduce watering significantly and ensure excellent air circulation around plants. Protection from excessive winter rainfall may be necessary in humid climates. Success depends on balancing the plant's need for cool conditions with protection from waterlogged soils that lead to root rot.

Advanced Techniques

Advanced propagation techniques include tissue culture for conservation purposes and specialized mycorrhizal inoculation to improve establishment success. Research into optimal hormone treatments and environmental triggers continues to improve propagation rates. Commercial nurseries are developing improved protocols for mass production while maintaining genetic diversity. Understanding these methods helps both commercial growers and dedicated enthusiasts achieve better results with challenging species.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Poor germination often results from old seed or inadequate stratification. Seedling losses typically indicate overwatering or insufficient drainage. Slow establishment may suggest inappropriate soil conditions or excessive heat stress. Yellowing foliage usually indicates nutrient deficiency or waterlogged conditions. Regular monitoring and prompt intervention prevent minor issues from becoming major problems affecting long-term plant health and garden performance.

Pests & Diseases

In natural habitats, Aciphylla anomala faces few pest problems due to its spiny defenses and the harsh environmental conditions. The main threats are physical rather than biological - damage from trampling, frost heave, and rockfall.

In cultivation, the species is highly susceptible to root and crown rot in humid conditions or poorly drained soils. Various fungal pathogens can cause rapid collapse. Symptoms include yellowing of inner leaves progressing to blackening of the crown. Prevention through perfect drainage is essential as treatment is rarely successful.

Aphids occasionally colonize flower stems but rarely cause significant damage. Root aphids can be problematic in container culture, weakening plants over time. Regular inspection and prompt treatment prevent serious infestations.

The greatest challenge in cultivation is providing appropriate growing conditions. These plants are adapted to specific environmental conditions difficult to replicate in lowland gardens. Success requires careful attention to drainage, air circulation, and temperature regime.

Cultural Significance

Traditional Uses and Values

Anomalous Speargrass (speargrass or 'Spaniard') holds significant cultural meaning for Māori, who called these plants 'taramea' and used them as landmarks for navigation and seasonal calendars. The fierce spines provided protection for settlements and were incorporated into traditional stories and whakataukī (proverbs). Early European settlers named them 'Spaniards' due to their resemblance to defensive spears. Today, these plants symbolize the wild character of New Zealand's high country and represent the adaptation of endemic species to harsh environments. They remain important cultural markers in traditional Māori knowledge systems and continue to feature in contemporary conservation and restoration efforts.

Bonus Tip

Handle with Care

Like all Speargrasses, Aciphylla anomala lives up to its name with sharp, needle-tipped leaves. Always wear thick gloves and eye protection when working around it to avoid painful punctures.