Ripogonum Scandens
Ripogonum scandens
This native plant, known as Ripogonum scandens(scientific name: Ripogonum scandens), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Supplejack ( Ripogonum scandens ), also known as kareao or pirita, is a woody, evergreen, twining forest liane endemic to New Zealand Discover more about native ferns. It is a vigorous native vine found in New Zealand's lowland forests. It is a climbing vine or liana that coils its hard, flexible stems around tree trunks and branches for support. In the absence of support, it can form dense, knotted tangles on the forest floor. Young plants may resemble small shrubs before their stems begin to spiral. The tips of the vines can grow rapidly, up to 5 cm per day, allowing them to reach high into the forest canopy. It has two types of stems. Twining stems grow upwards from a stout, woody rhizome, are several meters long, almost black, and have sheathing scale leaves. Non-twining stems, which arise in full light, are more branched, light brown, and bear green leaves and inflorescences. The leaves are mostly opposite, green, dark green, or yellow-green, and are somewhat leathery (coriaceous). They are typically narrow-ovate to oblong with entire, often undulate margins. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, and can be simple or compound. The flowers are not crowded, with minute, free, spreading green (often hyaline green) tepals. The fruit is a globose, bright red berry, about 10-15 mm in diameter, containing 1-3 hard, spotted seeds. These berries are a significant food source for native birds like pigeons and tūī.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Ripogonum scandens |
|---|---|
| Height | Up to10 m (as a climber) |
| Spread | 2-4 m or more (sprawling/climbing) |
| Water Needs | Moderate (moist, well-drained soil) |
| Light | Partial to full shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate (protect young plants from heavy frost) |
| Salt Tolerance | Low |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Ripogonum scandensis well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Supplejack (Ripogonum scandens), also known as kareao or pirita, is a vigorous woody, evergreen, twining forest liane endemic to New Zealand. Its natural habitat spans both the North and South Islands, as well as offshore islands like Stewart and Chatham Islands.Lowland and Montane Forests:It is primarily found in lowland and mountainous forests, often dominated by hardwood and podocarp trees. It can thrive at altitudes up to 900 meters in the North Island.Coastal Forests and Swampy Areas:Supplejack is common in old coastal forests and relics of ancient forests. It can also be found in swampy areas where the soil may be periodically flooded, showcasing its tolerance for moist conditions.Karst Regions:It frequently grows in karst regions, often found in dolines, tomos, and cave entrances, indicating its adaptability to rocky and limestone environments.Soil:It adapts to various soil types, including red-brown loams, pumice, yellow-brown, and alluvial soils, preferring well-draining soil with good organic content.Light:The plant is well-suited to New Zealand's temperate climate, tolerating both warm summers and cool winters, and grows best in conditions ranging from full sun to partial shade.Climbing Habit:As a climbing liana, it uses its flexible stems to coil around trees, ascending into the forest canopy to reach sunlight, or forming dense tangles on the forest floor if no support is available.The widespread presence and vigorous growth ofRipogonum scandensunderscore its ecological importance in contributing to the biodiversity and structural complexity of New Zealand's native forests.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Ripogonum scandensin a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Ripogonum Scandens
Cultivating Ripogonum scandens(Ripogonum scandens) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Ripogonum Scandens plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Ripogonum scandens, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Ripogonum scandens, commonly known as supplejack or kareao, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand. Its uses span medicinal, nutritional, and practical applications, and it features in Māori mythology. The plant was a vital component of traditional Māori medicine (Rongoā Māori). Infusions made from the supplejack root were used to treat a variety of ailments, including blood disorders, skin diseases, rheumatism, fever, bowel complaints, and sexually transmitted diseases. Young shoots were consumed to alleviate scabies and itchiness, while sap from broken stems was applied to cuts and grazes. For larger wounds, a piece of dry kareao could be ignited and burned near the cut to cauterize it. Both the berries and young shoots ofRipogonum scandenswere utilized as food. The soft, growing shoots, affectionately known as "bush asparagus," were a valued food source, tasting like green beans and providing a thirst-quenching snack. The strong, flexible, and pliant stems of supplejack were highly valued for their utility. Māori used them extensively to construct hīnaki (eel traps), crayfish pots, and nets for catching various fish species. The vines were also employed for binding purposes in construction, such as securing fences, houses, canoes, and platforms.Ripogonum scandensis woven into Māori mythological stories, with one tradition linking the vine to Tunaroa, the monstrous eel god.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Ripogonum Scandens (Ripogonum scandens), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Supplejack (Ripogonum scandens) is widespread in lowland and montane forests throughout Aotearoa and is assessed asNot Threatened. While the liane itself is resilient, local pressures - such as forest clearance, edge drying, and browsing of flowers and fruit by possums and rats - can reduce seed set and recruitment. Conservation priorities emphasise protecting contiguous native forest, ongoing pest control to allow fruiting and dispersal by birds, and retaining understorey structure where its scrambling stems naturally weave through shrubs and young trees.