<i>Passiflora tetrandra</i>(Passiflora tetrandra) hero image

Passiflora Tetrandra

Passiflora tetrandra

Not specified

This native plant, known as Passiflora tetrandra(scientific name: Passiflora tetrandra), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.

<i>Passiflora tetrandra</i>(Passiflora tetrandra) showing <i>Passiflora tetrandra</i>growth habit
Image credit: Passiflora Tetrandra (Passiflora tetrandra) - photo by Wikipedia contributors, via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Kōhia ( Passiflora tetrandra ), also known as New Zealand passionflower, is the sole species of passionflower native to New Zealand Discover more aboutNew Zealand. It is a vigorous, high-climbing, evergreen perennial vine that can grow up to 9-10 meters and supports itself with touch-sensitive tendrils. Its leaves are alternate, broadly lanceolate, glossy bright-green, shiny, and untoothed. It produces small (8-15 mm in diameter), white to yellow flowers, appearing in groups of 1-3 in the leaf axils between October and December. They are often honeysuckle-scented and change colour over a few days as they age. Individual plants are either male or female, meaning both male and female plants are required for fruit production. The fruit is a lemon-shaped, orange fruit up to 30 mm long, found from summer to autumn. The fruit is edible, and the gum from the stem was traditionally chewed by Māori. The seeds have a peppery taste.

Quick Facts

Passiflora tetrandra quick facts
Scientific Name Passiflora tetrandra
Height Up to10 meters (33 ft) as a climber
Spread Spreads several meters; twining vine that can cover large trees
Water Needs Moderate; prefers moist, well-drained soils
Light Full sun to partial shade
Frost Tolerance Low to moderate; young plants need protection from frost
Salt Tolerance Moderate; tolerates some coastal exposure
Growth Rate Fast; vigorous climber in suitable conditions
Lifespan Perennial; long-lived in forest settings

Climate Best Suited to

Passiflora tetrandrais well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Passiflora tetrandra
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Passiflora tetrandrais naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand.Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.

Cultivating this species effectively involves a deep understanding of its natural adaptations and environmental preferences. By mimicking its native habitat-whether that be the cool, moist understory of a temperate rainforest or the exposed, well-drained slopes of an alpine range-gardeners can ensure robust growth and long-term health. Regular observation and minimal, targeted intervention are often the best strategies for maintaining the unique characteristics and ecological contributions of this remarkable New Zealand native plant.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Passiflora tetrandrain a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Passiflora Tetrandra

Cultivating Passiflora tetrandra(Passiflora tetrandra) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Passiflora tetrandraplants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Passiflora tetrandra, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Kāhia's seed oil (hinu kāhia) was prized as a base for scented body oils and soothing balms; ripe fruit were eaten and used for colouring. Strong, flexible vines served as lashings for construction and tools.Passiflora tetrandra, known to the Māori as Kāhia, holds significant cultural importance in New Zealand, primarily through its diverse traditional uses. The Māori utilized Kāhia for medicinal purposes; the oil extracted from its seeds, called hinu kāhia, was a valuable salve for treating chronic sores, old wounds, chapped nipples, and swollen breasts. It was also combined with other plant materials, such as kohukohu, to create ointments for skin conditions like itching and eczema. Additionally, a decoction made from harakeke root and kāhia berry juice was consumed to alleviate flatulence. The berries were traditionally harvested and their pulp eaten, and they were used to flavor foods, including jellies made from seaweed. The fruit pulp served as a natural pigment for painting faces with a delicate red colour. Hinu kāhia was highly prized for producing fragrant body oils, which formed the base for various cosmetic and medicinal preparations. It was sometimes blended with gums from other plants like tarata and kōhūhū to enhance scent. A gum-like substance from the bark was also used to create pomades and add fragrance to oils. The strong and flexible stems of the vine were employed as lashings in the construction of houses and fences, and for securing tool handles, such as those of adzes. The dried trunk or stem could also be used as a slow-burning ember, allowing travelers to carry fire with them.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Passiflora tetrandra, also known as Kāhia, New Zealand passionflower, or New Zealand passionfruit, is an endemic climbing vine found in New Zealand.According to the NZPCN, its conservation status has been assessed multiple times:In 2004, 2009, 2012, and 2017, it was classified as "Not Threatened."The most recent assessment in 2024, using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS), also lists it as "Not Threatened."Regionally, for Auckland, its status in 2025 is "Regionally Not Threatened." Despite its "Not Threatened" status,Passiflora tetrandrabenefits from ongoing conservation efforts focused on habitat protection and restoration. These efforts include controlling invasive species, promoting native forest regeneration, and increasing public awareness about the ecological significance of this unique native vine. While not significantly impacted by browsing animals, the plant faces threats from introduced pests such as possums and rats, which consume its fruit. This predation can negatively affect forest health and the long-term viability ofPassiflora tetrandrapopulations. The species is ecologically important as a food source for native birds.