Tōtara
Podocarpus totara
This native plant, known as Podocarpus totara(scientific name: Podocarpus totara), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Tōtara ( Podocarpus totara ) is a prominent species of podocarp tree native to New Zealand Discover more about native shrubs. It is a robust, slow-growing conifer that can reach impressive heights of up to 30-35 meters and develop a massive trunk with a diameter of 2-3 meters. The bark is thick, corky, and deeply furrowed, with a reddish-grey hue. It sheds in long, stringy strips. In its early stages, the tōtara is bushy, but older trees become more open. Its leaves are brownish to dark green, linear-lanceolate, stiff, leathery, and needle-like, typically 15-30 mm long and 3-4 mm wide in adult trees. They spiral along the branches. Tōtara is a dioecious conifer, meaning it has separate male and female trees. Male trees produce pollen cones, while female trees develop small, fleshy ovule cones. After fertilization, the bases of the fertile and sterile bracts fuse and become a fleshy, red, swollen, and sweet-tasting "fruit" (receptacle) that supports one or two seeds. These "fruits" are edible and are a food source for native birds, aiding in seed dispersal.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Podocarpus totara |
|---|---|
| Height | 20-30 m (occasionally higher) |
| Spread | 8-15 m |
| Water Needs | Moderate while establishing; low later |
| Light | Full sun to light shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Hardy once established |
| Salt Tolerance | Low; requires protection from salt exposure |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
| Lifespan | Very long; can live for over 1000 years |
Climate Best Suited to
Podocarpus totarais well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Tōtara (Podocarpus totara) is a prominent species of podocarp tree endemic to New Zealand, found throughout both the North and South Islands, with the exception of Stewart Island where it is extremely scarce. It is a highly adaptable species, thriving in a variety of habitats.Lowland, Montane, and Lower Subalpine Forests:Tōtara is a significant component of these forest types, often acting as an emergent tree. It is widespread below the zone whereNothofagus(beech) begins to dominate.Elevations:It can be found at elevations up to 600 meters (2000 feet) in the North Island and 500 meters in the South Island.Alluvial Plains and Hill Slopes:It commonly grows on alluvial plains and hill slopes, indicating its preference for well-drained, fertile soils in lowland areas.Farmland and Pastoral Hill Country:Tōtara is remarkably resilient and is often found regenerating on farmland and in pastoral hill country, as it is not typically eaten by livestock. It can establish in open sites, including sparse weedy grass cover.Soil:Tōtara is more tolerant of dry soils and seasonal drought than other podocarps, but it is intolerant of poorly drained soils. It prefers well-drained and fertile soils.The presence ofPodocarpus totarain these diverse habitats underscores its ecological importance in contributing to the biodiversity and structural complexity of New Zealand's native forests, and its resilience in various landscapes.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Podocarpus totarain a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Tōtara
Cultivating Podocarpus totara(Podocarpus totara) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Podocarpus totaraplants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Podocarpus totara, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Tōtara is among the most culturally significant trees in Aotearoa: prized for carving, waka, house timbers, and fencing, with durable heartwood central to traditional and historic building.Podocarpus totara, commonly known as tōtara, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand. It is revered as a "rākau rangatira" or "chiefly tree" due to its impressive size, longevity (living over 1000 years), and valuable properties. Tōtara symbolizes strength and mana (prestige or authority) within Māori culture. The phrase "Kua hinga te tōtara i te wao nui a Tāne" ("A mighty tōtara has fallen in the forest of Tāne") is used to show respect upon the death of a prominent figure. It is also associated with Tūmatauenga, the god of war, and can be referred to as Tū-kau-Moana, or Tū who swims in the ocean, due to its use in waka (canoes). The wood of the tōtara is highly prized for its durability, straight grain, and resistance to rot, especially its heartwood. It was the primary wood used by Māori for carving, and tōtara carvings often adorn the front of marae (Māori meeting grounds). It was also the preferred material for constructing waka (canoes), including large war canoes capable of carrying 100 warriors, due to its relatively light weight and natural oils that prevent rotting. Beyond canoes, tōtara was used for houses, tools, weapons, musical instruments, toys, and storage containers. Both Māori and early European settlers used tōtara for medicinal purposes. The wood was burned to produce smoke for treating hemorrhoids and venereal diseases. Infusions of the bitter leaves were used for upset stomachs, and boiled inner bark provided a sweet liquid for fevers. The fleshy red berries of the tōtara are edible, and Māori men would collect them in baskets. The name "tōtara" itself is thought to refer to its spiky leaves, as "tara" in Māori means spike or thorn. The tree's resilience and adaptability to various conditions further contribute to its esteemed status.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Podocarpus Totara (Podocarpus totara), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Podocarpus totara, commonly known as tōtara, is a species of podocarp tree endemic to New Zealand. It is widespread throughout the North and South Islands and is noted for its longevity, growing up to 30-35 meters tall. Despite historical land clearance and timber harvesting that reduced the size of podocarp forests, the tōtara's current conservation status is "Not Threatened" nationally. However, as a vegetation type, tōtara forests are nearly extinct in much of much of their former range. Threats to tōtara and other native New Zealand forests include: land clearance and timber harvesting, introduced pests (possums, deer, sheep), weeds, and fire. Native insects and diseases can also damage tōtara trees. Conservation efforts and cultural significance: Tōtara is culturally significant to Māori, who traditionally used its rot-resistant wood for constructing canoes (waka) and carvings. Remnants of old-growth tōtara forests in the central North Island are protected in conservation areas. Tōtara is widely used in restoration projects and as a shelter or specimen tree due to its adaptability and success in cultivation. It can tolerate a wide variety of sites and is relatively light-demanding, making it suitable for open areas. Tōtara regenerates naturally on farmland after clearance in many regions, often found along fencelines or in second-growth stands, with birds aiding seed dispersal. The species is moderately resistant to browsing by cattle, though less so by sheep, and is susceptible to possum browsing when new growth is flushing.