<i>Phyllocladus trichomanoides</i>(Phyllocladus trichomanoides) hero image

Tānekaha

Phyllocladus trichomanoides

Not specified

This native plant, known as Tānekaha(scientific name: Phyllocladus trichomanoides ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Phyllocladus trichomanoides</i>(Phyllocladus trichomanoides) showing <i>Phyllocladus trichomanoides</i>growth habit
Image credit: Tānekaha ( Phyllocladus trichomanoides ) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Tānekaha ( Phyllocladus trichomanoides ), also known as celery pine, is a coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand Discover more about native shrubs. It is a medium-sized to large forest tree, typically growing up to 20-25 meters in height, with a trunk diameter of up to 1 meter. The tree has a pyramidal shape with slender, spreading branches arranged in whorls. A distinctive feature is its phylloclades, which are highly modified, flattened, leaf-like stems that perform most of the photosynthesis. These phylloclades are arranged alternately, typically 10-15 per shoot, and are irregularly rhomboid, flabellately lobed, and cuneate at the base, measuring between 1.5 and 2.5 cm long. The margins of the phylloclades are minutely crenulate with small, subulate leaf-denticles. Juvenile plants have narrow, linear, deciduous leaves up to 20 mm long, while adult leaves are much smaller and scale-like. The species is monoecious, meaning both male and female reproductive structures are found on the same plant. Male strobili (pollen cones) are terminal, appearing in clusters of 5-10. The seed cones are berry-like, with a fleshy white aril partially enclosing a single, nut-like seed.

Quick Facts

Phyllocladus trichomanoides quick facts
Scientific Name Phyllocladus trichomanoides
Height 15-20 meters
Spread 8-12 meters
Water Needs Moderate
Light Full sun to partial shade
Frost Tolerance High (hardy to -10°C)
Salt Tolerance Low
Growth Rate Slow to moderate
Lifespan 200-300 years

Climate Best Suited to

Phyllocladus trichomanoides is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Phyllocladus trichomanoides
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

This section provides important information about plant care and cultivation practices.Understanding these aspects helps ensure successful growth and development in garden conditions.

Cultivating this species effectively involves a deep understanding of its natural adaptations and environmental preferences. By mimicking its native habitat-whether that be the cool, moist understory of a temperate rainforest or the exposed, well-drained slopes of an alpine range-gardeners can ensure robust growth and long-term health. Regular observation and minimal, targeted intervention are often the best strategies for maintaining the unique characteristics and ecological contributions of this remarkable New Zealand native plant.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Phyllocladus trichomanoides in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Tānekaha

Cultivating Phyllocladus trichomanoides ( These fan ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Phyllocladus trichomanoides plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Phyllocladus trichomanoides , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Tānekaha's bark is rich in tannins historically used to produce durable red-brown dyes. The straight, flexible timber has been valued for light construction and craft. Phyllocladus trichomanoides , commonly known as Tānekaha or celery pine, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand, and was also utilized by early European settlers. For Māori, Tānekaha was highly valued for its strong and flexible timber, which was used in the construction of spears (koikoi), canoes (waka), and houses. It was also crafted into items such as walking sticks, fish hooks, masts, paddles, and clubs. The tree's bark was a crucial source of a reddish-brown, colorfast dye, used for flax garments, mats, patu, kites, and even whalebone. Medicinally, Tānekaha was employed as a liver tonic and for treating ailments like dysentery, vomiting, internal hemorrhage, ulcers, burns, boils, abscesses, septic infections, and menstrual pain, often applied topically as an astringent. The leaves were also used to line the graves of the deceased, symbolizing the spirit of Tane. The Māori name "Tānekaha," meaning "Strong Man," reflects the timber's inherent strength and durability. In some areas, large Tānekaha trees were so revered that they were given individual names, and access to their bark was restricted to those with direct ancestral ties to the land. Early European settlers also recognized the practical value of Tānekaha. Its robust timber was used for marine piles, bridge decking, railway sleepers, pit props, heavy roof timbers, housing, and components for agricultural machinery like hay sweeps. Both Tānekaha timber and bark were exported internationally in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with the bark being used in Europe for tanning leathers, particularly for glove-making, and even for dyeing khaki uniforms during World War I.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Phyllocladus trichomanoides , commonly known as tānekaha or celery pine, is a coniferous tree native to New Zealand. Its conservation status is currently assessed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List. This classification indicates that the species is not currently considered threatened, as its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy exceed the thresholds for a threatened category, and past declines have ceased, with populations increasing in many areas. The tree is found in lowland forests across the North Island and in parts of the South Island of New Zealand, often in association with kauri (Agathis australis) on ridge lines, and in secondary regrowth forests. It can grow up to 25 meters tall and is known for its strong, knot-free timber. While not currently threatened, information on its propagation and habitat is available. It can be grown from fresh seeds, though germination can be erratic. Small-scale planting trials have shown good growth in sapling stages when planted on well-drained soils in gaps within scrub.