Toro
Myrsine salicina
Toro ( Myrsine salicina ) is a distinctive native New Zealand shrub or small tree, celebrated for its long, narrow, glossy green leaves and its clusters of small, dark red berries. This evergreen species is found throughout New Zealand, typically in lowland and coastal forests. Its attractive foliage and abundant berries make it a valuable addition to native plant gardens, hedging, or as a specimen plant. Toro is a resilient and ecologically important plant that adds a touch of natural beauty and year-round interest to any landscape, showcasing the rich biodiversity of New Zealand's forests. For related species, see the native plants index.
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Toro (Myrsine salicina) is an endemic shrub or small tree native to New Zealand, growing up to 10 meters tall, with a trunk reaching up to 60 cm in diameter, and features firm bark that is dark red, maroon-red, or almost black. Its distinctive leaves are long, narrow, smooth, thick, glossy, and leathery, typically measuring 7-18 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width with a smooth edge. Young leaves often display an erect, reddish-yellow or pink-red tinge. Small, cream to pale pink or greenish-yellow flowers, about 3-5 mm across, emerge in clusters along the branches during spring, from August to January. These are followed by single-seeded, obovoid berries, 8-9 mm long, which are red to purple or reddish-orange and appear from September to May.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Myrsine salicina |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Toro |
| Family | Primulaceae |
| Height | Up to 10 m |
| Spread | Up to 5 m |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Soil | Well-drained, fertile soils |
| Water Needs | Moderate |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate |
| Salt Tolerance | Low to Moderate |
| Growth Rate | Medium to fast |
| Lifespan | Long |
Climate Best Suited to
Toro ( Myrsine salicina ) is widely distributed throughout New Zealand, from coastal to montane forests, indicating its broad adaptability to various climates. It thrives in mild, temperate climates with consistent rainfall and moderate temperatures. It is reasonably tolerant of wind and some salt spray, making it suitable for coastal gardens, but prefers sheltered locations away from extreme exposure. Its natural habitat includes forest margins, open areas, and stream banks. It can be successfully cultivated in most temperate regions, provided it has good drainage and protection from extreme heat or prolonged severe frosts when young.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
Typical Environments
Understand the natural habitat of Toro ( Myrsine salicina ), which is found throughout New Zealand, in coastal to montane forests. This section details its geographical distribution, preferred environmental conditions, and the types of ecosystems where it naturally occurs.
- Widespread across New Zealand, from sea level to moderate altitudes.
- Found in coastal areas, forest margins, and open forests.
- Prefers well-drained sites with good air circulation.
- Thrives in full sun to partial shade.
Its broad habitat range highlights its adaptability and resilience, making it a fascinating subject for ecological study.
Plant Conservation
Myrsine salicina, also known as toro, is classified as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). This status was assigned in the 2017 assessment and remained unchanged in the most recent assessment of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand in 2023.
A significant threat to Myrsine salicina is the introduced possum, which preys on the plant.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Toro thrives in well-drained, fertile soils. It is adaptable to a range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and even some clay soils, but good drainage is crucial to prevent root rot. Incorporating organic matter can improve soil structure and moisture retention. A neutral to slightly acidic pH is generally preferred.
- Adaptable to most well-drained soil types.
- Prefers fertile soils with good drainage.
- Tolerates sandy, loamy, and some clay soils.
- Neutral to slightly acidic pH preferred.
Light Requirements
Toro performs well in full sun to partial shade. In full sun, it tends to be denser and more compact, producing more berries. In partial shade, it may grow a bit more open but will still thrive. Ensure it receives adequate light for healthy growth and development.
- Full sun to partial shade.
- Denser growth and more berries in full sun.
- Adaptable to various light conditions.
Water Requirements
Toro requires moderate watering, especially during dry periods and its establishment phase. Once established, it is reasonably drought-tolerant but will benefit from occasional deep watering during prolonged dry spells. Ensure the soil is consistently moist but not waterlogged.
- Moderate watering needs.
- Drought-tolerant once established.
- Avoid waterlogging.
Planting Guide
Best Time to Plant
The best time to plant Toro is during autumn or spring, when temperatures are mild and rainfall is more consistent. This allows the plant to establish its root system before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold.
Choosing a Location
Select a site with full sun to partial shade and well-drained, fertile soil. Toro is highly adaptable and can be planted in coastal areas, exposed sites, or more sheltered garden beds. Ensure it has adequate space for its mature size if not being regularly pruned.
Planting Steps
- Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth.
- Gently remove the plant from its container, being careful not to disturb the roots.
- Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
- Backfill with amended soil, firming gently around the base of the plant.
- Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle the soil.
- Apply a layer of organic mulch to help retain moisture and suppress weeds, keeping it away from the stem.
Initial Care
Water regularly during the first 6-12 months to help establish a strong root system. Once established, Toro is reasonably low maintenance and requires less frequent watering. Protect young plants from strong winds and severe frosts if necessary.
Ecological Role
Ecosystem Roles
The ecological importance of Toro ( Myrsine salicina ) within its native New Zealand ecosystems is significant. Its berries provide a crucial food source for native birds, particularly during autumn and winter, aiding in seed dispersal and playing a key role in forest regeneration. Its dense foliage also provides shelter for small birds and invertebrates.
- Berries are a crucial food source for native birds.
- Aids in seed dispersal and forest regeneration.
- Provides shelter for small birds and invertebrates.
- Contributes to biodiversity in diverse forest ecosystems.
As an endemic species, it is an integral part of the unique biodiversity that has evolved in New Zealand, supporting the delicate balance of its natural habitats.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
- Excellent hedging and screening plant.
- Suitable for native plant gardens, shelterbelts, and screens.
- Provides year-round interest with evergreen leaves and berries.
- Attracts native birds to its berries.
Landscaping Applications
Toro ( Myrsine salicina ) is a highly attractive and versatile plant for various landscaping applications, particularly in native and low-maintenance gardens. Its graceful form and berries make it a valuable asset.
- Ideal as a specimen shrub or small tree for larger gardens and parks.
- Excellent for native forest restoration and revegetation projects.
- Provides year-round interest with evergreen leaves and berries.
- Suitable for mass plantings or as an accent plant.
Its ability to thrive in sheltered, shaded conditions and its aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for creating lush and beautiful native landscapes.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
New growth emerges, and inconspicuous flowers may appear. This is an ideal time for planting new Toro specimens or propagating from cuttings. Ensure consistent moisture for young trees and protect them from strong winds if necessary. A light feed with a balanced slow-release fertilizer can encourage vigorous growth.
- Ideal time for planting and propagation.
- Ensure consistent moisture for new plants.
- Light fertilization if needed.
Summer
Toro is actively growing and may produce flowers and developing berries. Consistent watering is crucial, especially during dry spells, to prevent stress. Monitor for pests and diseases, though it is generally quite resilient.
- Active growth and flowering.
- Consistent watering is essential.
- Monitor for pests and diseases.
Autumn
Berries ripen and become prominent in autumn, providing a valuable food source for native birds. This is another good time for planting, allowing roots to establish before winter. Minimal care is required for established plants, but ensure they remain adequately hydrated.
- Berries ripen, attracting birds.
- Good time for planting.
- Minimal care for established plants.
- Ensure adequate hydration.
Winter
Toro is evergreen and provides year-round interest. It is moderately frost-tolerant and requires minimal care during this period. Ensure good drainage to prevent root issues in wet conditions.
- Evergreen, provides year-round interest.
- Protect young plants from severe frost.
- Ensure good drainage.
When to Prune and How Much
Toro is very amenable to pruning and can be shaped as a hedge, screen, or small tree. Regular pruning helps maintain its desired size and form, and encourages denser growth.
- Light trimming can be done at any time of year to maintain shape.
- For hedging, prune after the main flush of new growth in spring/early summer.
- Heavy pruning to reduce size or rejuvenate can be done in late winter/early spring.
- Remove dead, damaged, or diseased branches as needed.
- Use clean, sharp tools.
Toro responds well to even hard pruning, making it a very forgiving plant for shaping and maintenance.
How to Grow Toro
Toro is a distinctive native New Zealand shrub or small tree, celebrated for its long, narrow, glossy green leaves and its clusters of small, dark red berries. This evergreen species is found throughout New Zealand, typically in lowland and coastal forests. Its attractive foliage and abundant berries make it a valuable addition to native plant gardens, hedging, or as a specimen plant. Toro is a resilient and ecologically important plant that adds a touch of natural beauty and year-round interest to any landscape, showcasing the rich biodiversity of New Zealand's forests. Understanding its propagation methods is key to successfully growing this delightful species.
From Seed
Propagating Toro from fresh seed is a viable method, though germination can be slow and may require stratification. Collect ripe seeds in late autumn or early winter. Clean the seeds thoroughly to remove any fleshy pulp. Sow the seeds in a tray filled with a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. The seeds typically require a period of cold stratification (e.g., refrigerate for 2-3 months) to break dormancy. Maintain consistent moisture in the seed tray and keep it in a warm, sheltered location. Germination can take several weeks to months after stratification. Once seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be potted into individual containers and grown in a sheltered environment before planting out.
From Cuttings
Semi-hardwood cuttings are a reliable method for propagating Toro, ensuring that new plants retain the exact characteristics of the parent. Take 10-15 cm cuttings from healthy, semi-hardwood stems in late summer or early autumn. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in a rooting hormone. Insert the cuttings into a well-draining propagation mix (e.g., sand and perlite). Keep the cuttings in a warm, humid environment, out of direct sunlight, perhaps under a plastic dome or in a propagator. Rooting typically occurs within 8-12 weeks. Once rooted, the new plants can be potted on and grown in a sheltered environment until they are ready for planting.
Pests & Diseases
Toro is generally a robust plant, but it can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases, especially if not grown in optimal conditions.
Common Pests
- Aphids: Can infest new growth. Treat with insecticidal soap or remove manually.
- Scale Insects: May be present on stems and leaves. Treat with horticultural oil or appropriate insecticides.
Common Diseases
- Sooty Mould: Often associated with scale insect infestations, it can cover leaves and reduce photosynthesis. Address the underlying pest issue.
- Root Rot: Caused by overwatering or poor drainage. Ensure well-drained soil.
Good garden hygiene, proper watering, and adequate air circulation are key to preventing most pest and disease issues. Regular inspection will help catch problems early.
Cultural Significance
Myrsine salicina, commonly known as toro, holds cultural significance for the Māori people of New Zealand. Iwi (tribes) in the Rotorua region historically used a straight piece from a toro branch as the lowest and most crucial part of the handle for a rohe, a hand net used for catching small fish.
Toro is a shrub or small tree endemic to New Zealand, found on both the North and South Islands. It is characterized by its long, narrow, smooth, and often reddish-yellow young leaves, and produces small cream to pale pink flowers followed by reddish-orange fruits. The wood of toro is noted for being springy and not easily snapping.
Bonus Tip
Toro is one of the few native trees that is a preferred food source for introduced possums, which can cause significant damage to the trees. This makes it an important species to protect in areas where possums are present.
