Chatham Island Māpou
Myrsine chathamica
Myrsine chathamica , commonly known as Chatham Island māpou or Chatham Island Matipo, is a distinctive evergreen shrub or small tree endemic to the Chatham Islands of New Zealand. This hardy and resilient species is a significant component of the islands' unique flora, characterized by its glossy, somewhat fleshy leaves and profusion of small, dark, berry-like fruit. Myrsine chathamica is well-adapted to the exposed, maritime conditions of its native habitat and is valued for its ecological role and ornamental qualities.
Plant Description
Myrsine chathamica typically grows as a dense, bushy evergreen shrub or a small tree, reaching up to 5 meters in height. It features stout, often gnarled branches and a compact, rounded form. The leaves are alternate, simple, glossy dark green, and somewhat fleshy or leathery, usually 3-7 cm long, with entire (smooth) or slightly recurved margins. New growth may show a reddish tint. Small, inconspicuous, greenish-white to reddish flowers are produced in clusters along the branches in late spring to summer. These are followed by abundant clusters of small, globose, fleshy fruit that ripen to a dark purplish-black colour in autumn and winter, providing a valuable food source for native birds.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Myrsine chathamica |
|---|---|
| Family | Primulaceae (formerly Myrsinaceae) |
| Form | Evergreen shrub or small tree |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Soil | Moist, well-drained, tolerant of poor and coastal soils |
| Water | Moderate, tolerant of some drought once established |
| Water Needs | Moderate |
| Frost Tolerance | Hardy |
| Salt Tolerance | High |
| Height | Up to 5 m |
| Spread | 2-4 m |
| Flowering Season | Late spring to summer |
| Fruit/Berry Season | Autumn/Winter |
| Foliage | Evergreen; glossy dark green, somewhat fleshy leaves |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived perennial |
| Unique Features | Endemic to Chatham Islands, fleshy leaves, profuse dark fruit. |
Climate Best Suited to
Myrsine chathamica , endemic to the Chatham Islands, requires cool maritime conditions with constant humidity. This species thrives in oceanic climates with temperatures between 5-20°C, high humidity year-round, and protection from temperature extremes. It needs consistent moisture and shelter from hot, dry conditions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Suitable |
| Auckland | Suitable |
| Hamilton | Marginal |
| Tauranga | Suitable |
| Rotorua | Unsuitable |
| Gisborne | Suitable |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Marginal |
| Whanganui | Suitable |
| Palmerston North | Marginal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Suitable |
| Christchurch | Suitable |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Suitable |
Habitat
Natural Distribution
Myrsine chathamica is endemic to the Chatham Islands, where it is a prominent species in coastal forest, forest margins, and scrubland. It grows on various soil types, often in exposed, well-drained locations, contributing to the unique character of the islands' vegetation. Its resilience allows it to thrive in situations where it is regularly exposed to salt-laden winds and challenging growing conditions.
Conservation Status
Current Threats and Protection
Myrsine chathamica is classified as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. While its distribution is naturally restricted to the Chatham Islands, it is a common and widespread species within its preferred habitats there. Its stable population status reflects its adaptability to the island environment.
How to Grow
Cultivation Requirements
Myrsine chathamica is a hardy and relatively easy-to-grow native plant, particularly suited to coastal gardens. It requires full sun to partial shade and moist, well-drained soil. It is tolerant of poor soil conditions, including sandy or rocky substrates, but good drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Water regularly during establishment, after which it becomes relatively drought-tolerant. Protect young plants from severe frosts and harsh winds if planted in exposed inland sites.
Planting Guide
Best Planting Practices
Plant Myrsine chathamica in spring or autumn in a sunny to partially shaded location with well-drained soil. For coastal planting, it can handle exposed sites. Dig a planting hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth. Incorporate some organic matter to improve soil structure, but avoid over-fertilizing. Plant at the same level as its nursery container, firm the soil gently, and water thoroughly. Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
Ecological Role
Environmental Benefits
Myrsine chathamica plays an important ecological role in the Chatham Islands' ecosystems. Its dense foliage provides shelter and nesting sites for native birds and invertebrates. The abundant clusters of dark fruit are a valuable food source for native birds, which in turn aid in seed dispersal, contributing to the regeneration of the islands' unique forest and scrubland.
Uses
Traditional and Modern Applications
Myrsine chathamica is valued as an ornamental shrub or small tree for coastal gardens and as a component of ecological restoration projects, particularly in maritime environments. Its glossy evergreen foliage and attractive fruit make it a popular choice for adding year-round interest and enhancing biodiversity.
Landscaping Uses
Garden Design Applications
Chatham Island māpou is an excellent choice for native gardens, particularly in coastal areas, where its salt and wind tolerance are highly advantageous. Its dense, bushy habit makes it suitable for informal hedging, screening, or as a backdrop for other native plants. It can also be grown as a specimen tree in smaller gardens, providing evergreen structure and seasonal fruit displays.
Seasonal Care
Year-Round Maintenance
Myrsine chathamica is a low-maintenance plant once established. Water regularly during dry periods, especially in summer. Fertilize lightly in spring with a balanced slow-release fertilizer if needed. Minimal pruning is required to maintain its natural shape. Protect young plants from severe frosts in colder regions.
Pruning
Pruning Techniques
Prune Myrsine chathamica to maintain its shape, control its size, or remove any dead, damaged, or straggly branches. It can tolerate moderate pruning and can be trimmed to form a denser hedge. The best time to prune is after fruiting or in late winter/early spring before new growth begins.
How to Grow Chatham Island Māpou
From Seed
Propagation of Myrsine chathamica from fresh seed is a reliable method. Collect ripe fruit in autumn/winter when they have turned dark purplish-black. Clean the fleshy pulp from the seeds thoroughly, as this can inhibit germination. Myrsine seeds often benefit from a period of cold stratification (e.g., 4-8 weeks in a refrigerator) to break dormancy. Sow pre-treated seeds onto a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. Maintain consistent moisture and provide cool to moderate temperatures (around 15-20°C or 60-68°F) in a protected environment. Germination can be erratic and may take several weeks to months. Once seedlings are robust enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots and grow them on in a sheltered, bright location until strong enough for planting out.
From Cuttings
Myrsine chathamica can be successfully propagated from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer. Select healthy, non-flowering shoots, about 10-15 cm long. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in a rooting hormone to encourage root development. Insert the cuttings into a free-draining rooting medium such as a mix of sand and perlite. Provide high humidity around the cuttings, either by placing them in a propagation chamber or covering them with a plastic bag, and ensure consistent moisture in the rooting medium. Keep in a warm, bright location out of direct sunlight. Rooting typically occurs within 6-12 weeks. Once rooted, gradually acclimatize plants to ambient conditions before potting up.
General Cultivation
Chatham Island māpou (Myrsine chathamica) is a hardy and relatively easy-to-grow native plant, particularly suited to coastal gardens due to its high salt tolerance and resilience in exposed, maritime conditions. It requires full sun to partial shade and moist, well-drained soil. It is tolerant of poor soil conditions, including sandy or rocky substrates, but good drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Water regularly during dry periods, especially during establishment and in warmer months. It is moderately frost-hardy but benefits from shelter from harsh winds and severe frosts, particularly when young. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and keep the root zone cool. Minimal pruning is required to maintain its natural shape; it can tolerate moderate pruning to form a denser hedge or screen, with the best time being after fruiting or in late winter/early spring.
Pests and Diseases
Common Problems and Solutions
Myrsine chathamica is generally a robust and healthy plant with few significant pest or disease problems. The main issues are related to environmental stressors such as poor drainage, which can lead to root rot, or severe frosts damaging young growth. Occasionally, common garden pests like aphids or scale insects might appear, but these are usually manageable.
Cultural Significance
Traditional Uses and Values
As an endemic species of the Chatham Islands, Myrsine chathamica contributes to the country's unique island biodiversity and natural heritage. It holds cultural significance as a component of the traditional landscape of the Chatham Islands, which are of great importance to both Moriori and Māori. Its resilience and role in the island ecosystem make it a valued representation of the islands' distinct flora.
Bonus Tip
Expert Growing Advice
Myrsine chathamica can be successfully used in mixed native plantings to provide evergreen structure and a reliable food source for native birds. Its ability to withstand coastal conditions makes it a key species for creating resilient maritime gardens.
