Northern Māpou
Myrsine aquilonia
Myrsine aquilonia , commonly known as Northern māpou or North Island māpou, is a small evergreen tree or large shrub endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. It is a distinctive species within the `Myrsine` genus, characterized by its glossy, somewhat leathery leaves and small, inconspicuous flowers followed by attractive fruit. Myrsine aquilonia is an important component of lowland and coastal forest ecosystems, contributing to understory diversity and providing food for native birds.
Plant Description
Myrsine aquilonia typically grows as a small, bushy tree or large shrub, reaching up to 5 meters in height, with a dense, rounded crown. Its leaves are alternate, simple, glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and somewhat leathery, usually 3-7 cm long. The leaf margins are entire (smooth) or sometimes slightly undulate (wavy). New growth often has a reddish tinge. Small, inconspicuous, greenish-white to reddish flowers are produced in clusters along the branches in late spring to summer. These are followed by clusters of small, globose, fleshy fruit that ripen to a dark purplish-black colour in autumn and winter, providing a valuable food source for native birds.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Myrsine aquilonia |
|---|---|
| Family | Primulaceae (formerly Myrsinaceae) |
| Form | Small evergreen tree or large shrub |
| Light | Partial shade to full sun |
| Soil | Moist, well-drained, tolerant of various soil types |
| Water | Moderate |
| Water Needs | Moderate |
| Frost Tolerance | Hardy |
| Salt Tolerance | High |
| Height | Up to 5 m |
| Spread | 2-4 m |
| Flowering Season | Late spring to summer |
| Fruit/Berry Season | Autumn/Winter |
| Foliage | Evergreen; glossy dark green, leathery leaves |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived perennial |
| Unique Features | Endemic to North Island, attractive dark fruit, hardy. |
Climate Best Suited to
Myrsine aquilonia is adapted to northern New Zealand's warm, humid forests, requiring subtropical to warm-temperate conditions. This species thrives in areas with mild winters (minimum 5°C), warm humid summers, and annual rainfall of 1200-2000mm. It needs protection from frost and cold winds.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Suitable |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Marginal |
| Gisborne | Suitable |
| New Plymouth | Marginal |
| Napier | Marginal |
| Whanganui | Marginal |
| Palmerston North | Unsuitable |
| Wellington | Marginal |
| Nelson | Marginal |
| Christchurch | Unsuitable |
| Dunedin | Unsuitable |
| Invercargill | Unsuitable |
Habitat
Natural Distribution
Myrsine aquilonia is found in lowland and coastal forests, forest margins, and scrubland throughout the North Island of New Zealand. It typically grows in moist, well-drained soils, often in sheltered gullies or on forest edges. It is a common component of the native understory, growing alongside a variety of other native trees and shrubs.
Conservation Status
Current Threats and Protection
Myrsine aquilonia is classified as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It is a relatively widespread and common species in suitable habitats throughout the North Island. Its stable population status reflects its adaptability and ecological resilience.
How to Grow
Cultivation Requirements
Myrsine aquilonia is a versatile and relatively easy-to-grow native plant. It prefers partial shade to full sun and moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. While adaptable to various soil types, good drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Water regularly during dry periods, especially during establishment. It is moderately frost-hardy but benefits from shelter from harsh winds and severe frosts when young.
Planting Guide
Best Planting Practices
Plant Myrsine aquilonia in spring or autumn in a location with partial shade to full sun and well-drained soil. Dig a planting hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth. Incorporate compost or organic matter to improve soil structure and fertility. Plant at the same level as its nursery container, firm the soil gently, and water thoroughly. Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
Ecological Role
Environmental Benefits
Myrsine aquilonia plays a valuable ecological role in North Island forest ecosystems. Its small flowers provide nectar for native insects, and its abundant dark fruit is a significant food source for native birds, which in turn aid in seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Its dense foliage provides shelter and nesting sites for small birds and invertebrates, contributing to understory biodiversity.
Uses
Traditional and Modern Applications
Myrsine aquilonia is an attractive and versatile plant for native gardens, revegetation projects, and informal hedging. Its glossy evergreen foliage and clusters of dark fruit provide year-round interest. It is particularly useful for establishing native forest understories and enhancing biodiversity.
Landscaping Uses
Garden Design Applications
Northern māpou is an excellent choice for native gardens, informal hedges, or as an understory plant in mixed plantings. Its dense, bushy habit makes it suitable for screening or as a backdrop for other native plants. Its glossy foliage and dark berries add texture and colour to the landscape, creating a naturalistic, woodland aesthetic. It can also be grown in larger containers.
Seasonal Care
Year-Round Maintenance
Myrsine aquilonia is a low-maintenance plant once established. Water regularly during dry periods, especially in summer. Fertilize lightly in spring with a balanced native plant fertilizer if desired. Minimal pruning is required to maintain its natural shape. Protect young plants from severe frosts in colder regions.
Pruning
Pruning Techniques
Prune Myrsine aquilonia to maintain its shape, control its size, or remove any dead, damaged, or straggly branches. It can tolerate moderate pruning and can be trimmed to form a denser hedge. The best time to prune is after fruiting or in late winter/early spring before new growth begins.
How to Grow Northern Māpou
From Seed
Propagation of Myrsine aquilonia from fresh seed is a reliable method. Collect ripe fruit in autumn/winter when they have turned dark purplish-black. Clean the fleshy pulp from the seeds thoroughly, as this can inhibit germination. Myrsine seeds often benefit from a period of cold stratification (e.g., 4-8 weeks in a refrigerator) to break dormancy. Sow pre-treated seeds onto a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. Maintain consistent moisture and provide cool to moderate temperatures (around 15-20°C or 60-68°F) in a protected environment. Germination can be erratic and may take several weeks to months. Once seedlings are robust enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots and grow them on in a sheltered, bright location until strong enough for planting out.
From Cuttings
Myrsine aquilonia can be successfully propagated from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer. Select healthy, non-flowering shoots, about 10-15 cm long. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in a rooting hormone to encourage root development. Insert the cuttings into a free-draining rooting medium such as a mix of sand and perlite. Provide high humidity around the cuttings, either by placing them in a propagation chamber or covering them with a plastic bag, and ensure consistent moisture in the rooting medium. Keep in a warm, bright location out of direct sunlight. Rooting typically occurs within 6-12 weeks. Once rooted, gradually acclimatize plants to ambient conditions before potting up.
General Cultivation
Northern māpou (Myrsine aquilonia) is a versatile and relatively easy-to-grow native plant, forming a small evergreen tree or large shrub. It prefers partial shade to full sun and moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter; however, it is adaptable to various soil types as long as good drainage is ensured to prevent root rot. Water regularly during dry periods, especially during establishment and in warmer months. It is moderately frost-hardy but benefits from shelter from harsh winds and severe frosts, particularly when young. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and keep the root zone cool. Minimal pruning is required to maintain its natural shape; it can tolerate moderate pruning to form a denser hedge or screen, with the best time being after fruiting or in late winter/early spring.
Pests and Diseases
Common Problems and Solutions
Myrsine aquilonia is generally a robust and healthy plant with few significant pest or disease problems. The main issues are related to environmental stressors such as poor drainage, which can lead to root rot, or severe frosts damaging young growth. Occasionally, common garden pests like aphids or scale insects might appear, but these are usually manageable.
Cultural Significance
Traditional Uses and Values
As an endemic North Island tree, Myrsine aquilonia contributes to New Zealand's unique botanical heritage. The broader `Myrsine` genus (which includes species known to Māori as Māpou) holds some traditional significance, with various species having medicinal properties or being used for timber. Its role in providing food for native birds and its resilience in various forest ecosystems make it a valued component of the natural landscape.
Bonus Tip
Expert Growing Advice
Myrsine aquilonia can make an excellent evergreen hedge or screen, particularly in coastal areas, due to its dense growth habit and tolerance of exposed conditions. Regular light trimming will encourage a compact and tidy form.
