Mountain Snowberry
Gaultheria depressa
Explore more NZ native plant guides in our index.
Mountain Snowberry ( Gaultheria depressa ) is a charming prostrate to sprawling native New Zealand shrub, celebrated for its small, glossy green leaves and abundant, often translucent white to pinkish-red berries that persist through autumn and winter. This hardy member of the heath family (Ericaceae) is typically found in subalpine and alpine environments, forming dense mats over rocky ground and open tussocklands. Its delicate bell-shaped flowers, though inconspicuous, give way to the prominent, colourful berries that provide a striking contrast against its foliage. Mountain Snowberry is an excellent choice for rock gardens, alpine troughs, or as a tough groundcover in cooler climates, offering year-round interest and a touch of high-country beauty.
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Gaultheria depressa, commonly known as Mountain Snowberry or Alpine Wax Berry, is a small, ground-hugging evergreen shrub native to rocky alpine areas of Tasmania, Australia, and New Zealand. It typically grows as a creeping, mat-forming shrub, usually less than 10 cm tall, with a spread of 30-60 cm wide. Its stems are much-branched, interlacing, and root as they grow, forming dense, low-growing mats. The small, glossy leaves are typically oval or round, measuring 0.5 to 1 cm in length, with serrated margins. Small, bell-shaped white to pale pink flowers appear from May to June (in the UK) or September to January (in Australia), arranged singly or in small clusters. The most distinctive feature is its edible berries, known as "snowberries," which are typically white or red and about 8-15 mm in diameter, ripening in autumn. This species is adapted to harsh alpine and subalpine environments, preferring moist, well-draining, acidic soil with good organic content, and can grow in semi-shade or no shade.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Gaultheria depressa |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Mountain Snowberry |
| Family | Ericaceae |
| Height | Prostrate, up to 10 cm tall |
| Spread | Sprawling, up to 1 m wide |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Soil | Well-drained, acidic soils |
| Water Needs | Moderate |
| Frost Tolerance | High |
| Salt Tolerance | Low to Moderate |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
| Lifespan | Perennial |
Climate Best Suited to
Mountain Snowberry ( Gaultheria depressa ) is native to the subalpine and alpine zones of New Zealand, thriving in cool, moist, and exposed environments. It is highly adapted to harsh conditions, including strong winds, intense UV radiation, and prolonged periods of frost and snow. While it prefers cooler climates, it can be cultivated in lowland areas provided it has excellent drainage, consistent moisture, and protection from extreme summer heat. Its natural habitat includes rocky outcrops, open tussocklands, and forest margins at higher altitudes.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
Typical Environments
Understand the natural habitat of Mountain Snowberry ( Gaultheria depressa ), which is found in subalpine and alpine zones across New Zealand. This section details its geographical distribution, preferred environmental conditions, and the types of ecosystems where it naturally occurs.
- Widespread in subalpine and alpine regions of the North and South Islands.
- Found on rocky outcrops, open tussocklands, and forest margins at higher altitudes.
- Prefers well-drained sites with good air circulation.
- Thrives in full sun to partial shade in cooler climates.
Its presence is a strong indicator of a healthy, functioning alpine ecosystem, and understanding its habitat is crucial for successful cultivation and conservation efforts.
Plant Conservation
Gaultheria depressa, commonly known as Mountain Snowberry, is an endemic New Zealand shrub currently classified as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) as of 2023. This status is attributed to its wide distribution and adaptability within its native subalpine and alpine environments. Despite its stable conservation status, efforts are in place to ensure the long-term preservation of Gaultheria depressa and its contribution to New Zealand's unique alpine biodiversity. These efforts include monitoring wild populations to identify and assess any emerging threats, protecting diverse alpine habitats where the plant naturally thrives, cultivating the species in gardens to help maintain genetic diversity, and raising public awareness about the ecological importance of endemic species. Gaultheria depressa plays a vital role in its ecosystem by stabilizing fragile alpine soils, preventing erosion, and providing a food source for native birds and lizards. It also offers shelter for small invertebrates, contributing to overall alpine biodiversity. The plant is well-adapted to harsh conditions, including strong winds, intense UV radiation, and prolonged periods of frost and snow, and is found in rocky outcrops, open tussocklands, and forest margins across New Zealand's North, South, and Stewart Islands.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Mountain Snowberry thrives in very well-drained, acidic soils, mimicking its natural alpine habitat. It tolerates a range of soil types from gritty to peaty, but excellent drainage is crucial to prevent root rot, especially in wetter climates. Incorporating coarse sand or grit can improve soil structure. Avoid heavy clay soils or areas prone to waterlogging.
- Prefers very well-drained, acidic soils.
- Tolerates gritty to peaty soil types.
- Excellent drainage is essential.
- Avoid heavy clay or waterlogged conditions.
Light Requirements
Mountain Snowberry performs best in full sun to partial shade. In its natural alpine environment, it receives intense sunlight. In garden settings, full sun will encourage a denser, more compact habit and abundant fruiting. Partial shade is tolerated, especially in warmer lowland areas, but may result in leggier growth.
- Full sun to partial shade.
- Denser growth and more berries in full sun.
- Adaptable to various light conditions.
Water Requirements
Mountain Snowberry requires moderate watering, especially during dry periods and its establishment phase. While it can tolerate some drought, consistent moisture is beneficial for optimal growth and fruiting. Ensure the soil is consistently moist but never waterlogged, as this can lead to root rot.
- Moderate watering needs.
- Tolerates some drought once established.
- Avoid waterlogging.
Planting Guide
Best Time to Plant
The best time to plant Mountain Snowberry is during autumn or spring, when temperatures are mild and rainfall is more consistent. This allows the plant to establish its root system before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold.
Choosing a Location
Select a site with full sun to partial shade and very well-drained, acidic soil. It is ideal for rock gardens, alpine troughs, crevice gardens, or as a tough groundcover in exposed, cooler locations. Ensure it has good air circulation.
Planting Steps
- Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth.
- Gently remove the plant from its container, being careful not to disturb the roots.
- Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
- Backfill with amended soil (e.g., gritty mix), firming gently around the base of the plant.
- Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle the soil.
- Apply a light layer of gravel or grit mulch to help retain moisture and suppress weeds, mimicking its natural alpine environment.
Initial Care
Water regularly during the first 6-12 months to help establish a strong root system. Once established, Mountain Snowberry is reasonably low maintenance and requires less frequent watering. Protect young plants from extreme conditions if necessary.
Ecological Role
Ecosystem Roles
The ecological importance of Mountain Snowberry ( Gaultheria depressa ) within its native New Zealand alpine ecosystems is significant. Its dense, mat-forming growth helps to stabilize fragile soils on rocky slopes, preventing erosion and creating microclimates for other alpine species.
- Helps stabilize fragile alpine soils, preventing erosion.
- Berries provide a food source for native birds and lizards in high-country environments.
- Provides shelter for small invertebrates and contributes to alpine biodiversity.
As an endemic species, it is an integral part of the unique biodiversity that has evolved in New Zealand's high country, supporting the delicate balance of its natural habitats.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
- Excellent for rock gardens, alpine troughs, and crevice gardens.
- Suitable as a tough, low-maintenance groundcover.
- Provides year-round interest with glossy foliage and colourful berries.
- Ideal for cooler climates and exposed sites.
Landscaping Applications
Mountain Snowberry ( Gaultheria depressa ) is an excellent choice for landscaping in alpine, rock, and native gardens, particularly in cooler climates. Its prostrate habit and attractive berries make it a valuable asset for creating resilient and beautiful landscapes.
- Ideal for rock gardens, alpine troughs, and crevice gardens.
- Excellent as a tough, low-maintenance groundcover for exposed sites.
- Provides year-round interest with glossy foliage and colourful berries.
- Suitable for cooler climates and high-altitude environments.
Its ability to thrive in challenging conditions and its aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for creating unique and ecologically appropriate native landscapes.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
New growth emerges, and delicate bell-shaped flowers may appear. This is an ideal time for planting new Mountain Snowberry specimens. Ensure consistent moisture for young plants and protect them from strong winds if necessary. A light feed with a slow-release native plant fertilizer can encourage vigorous growth.
- Ideal time for planting.
- Ensure consistent moisture for new plants.
- Light fertilization if needed.
Summer
Mountain Snowberry is actively growing and may produce flowers and developing berries. Consistent watering is important, especially during dry spells, to prevent stress. Monitor for pests and diseases, though it is generally quite resilient.
- Active growth and flowering.
- Consistent watering is essential.
- Monitor for pests and diseases.
Autumn
Berries ripen and become prominent in autumn, persisting through winter. This is another good time for planting, allowing roots to establish before winter. Minimal care is required for established plants, but ensure they remain adequately hydrated.
- Berries ripen and provide winter interest.
- Good time for planting.
- Ensure adequate hydration.
Winter
Mountain Snowberry provides excellent winter interest with its persistent berries. It is highly frost-tolerant and requires minimal care during this period. Ensure good drainage to prevent root issues in wet conditions, especially if snow cover is prolonged.
- Provides winter interest with berries.
- Highly frost-tolerant.
- Ensure good drainage.
When to Prune and How Much
Mountain Snowberry generally requires minimal pruning. The primary reason for pruning is to remove dead or damaged stems, or to tidy up the plant's appearance. Light trimming can encourage denser growth.
- Remove dead or damaged stems as needed.
- Light trimming to maintain shape and encourage density.
- Best done in late winter or early spring before new growth.
- Use clean, sharp tools.
Avoid heavy pruning, as this can stress the plant. Its natural prostrate habit is part of its charm, so allow it to spread naturally.
How to Grow Mountain Snowberry
Mountain Snowberry is a charming and hardy native groundcover that adds year-round interest to alpine and rock gardens with its glossy green leaves and abundant, often translucent berries. It is a resilient plant, perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of New Zealand's subalpine and alpine environments, making it an excellent choice for challenging sites. While it is a slow-growing species, its unique aesthetic and ecological importance make it a rewarding plant to cultivate. Understanding its propagation methods is key to successfully growing this specialized species.
From Seed
Propagating Mountain Snowberry from fresh seed is a viable method, though germination can be slow and may require stratification. Collect ripe berries in late autumn or early winter. Clean the seeds thoroughly to remove any fleshy pulp. Sow the seeds in a tray filled with a well-draining, acidic seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. The seeds typically require a period of cold stratification (e.g., refrigerate for 2-3 months) to break dormancy. Maintain consistent moisture in the seed tray and keep it in a cool, sheltered location. Germination can take several weeks to months after stratification. Once seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be potted into individual containers and grown in a sheltered environment before planting out.
From Cuttings
Semi-hardwood cuttings are the most reliable and efficient method for propagating Mountain Snowberry, ensuring that new plants retain the exact characteristics of the parent. Take 5-10 cm cuttings from healthy, non-flowering stems in late summer or early autumn. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in a rooting hormone. Insert the cuttings into a well-draining propagation mix (e.g., sand and perlite). Keep the cuttings in a cool, humid environment, out of direct sunlight, perhaps under a plastic dome or in a propagator. Rooting typically occurs within 8-12 weeks. Once rooted, the new plants can be potted on and grown in a sheltered environment until they are ready for planting.
Pests & Diseases
Mountain Snowberry is a remarkably hardy plant and generally resistant to most pests and diseases. Its adaptation to harsh alpine environments means it has few significant natural enemies.
Common Pests
- Generally pest-free.
- Occasionally, aphids or scale insects may appear on new growth, but rarely cause significant damage.
Common Diseases
- Highly resistant to diseases.
- Root rot can occur in poorly drained, waterlogged soils, especially if snow cover is prolonged.
- Leaf spot diseases are rare but can occur in very humid conditions.
Good garden hygiene, proper watering, and excellent drainage are key to preventing most pest and disease issues. Healthy, well-sited plants are rarely affected by significant problems.
Cultural Significance
Gaultheria depressa, also known as mountain snowberry or alpine wax berry, holds cultural significance primarily in New Zealand, where it is an endemic alpine plant. It is native to rocky alpine areas of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia.
In New Zealand, Gaultheria depressa is considered a testament to the country's unique evolutionary history and contributes to the overall cultural and ecological tapestry of Aotearoa. It symbolizes the resilience and beauty of alpine ecosystems. While specific traditional Māori uses for this particular species are not widely documented, its presence is valued within the native flora.
Historically, early settlers in the Otago region of New Zealand utilized the fruit of Gaultheria depressa to make "snowberry pies."
Beyond its direct human uses, the plant plays a significant ecological role by stabilizing fragile alpine soils and providing a food source for native birds and lizards.
Furthermore, Gaultheria depressa is appreciated for its ornamental value and is cultivated in alpine and rock gardens, as well as used as a groundcover in cooler climates due to its low-growing habit, glossy foliage, and colorful berries. Although currently listed as 'Not Threatened,' its conservation remains important for preserving New Zealand's unique alpine biodiversity.
Bonus Tip
Edible Berries
The berries of the Mountain Snowberry are not just for show; they are also edible! They have a sweet, juicy flavour and can be eaten raw. However, they can become quite dry later in the season, so it is best to eat them when they are fresh and plump.
