Climbing Shield Fern
Dendroconche scandens
Climbing Shield Fern (Dendroconche scandens), known as mokimoki in Te Reo Mori, represents one of New Zealand's most distinctive and aromatic ferns, perfectly adapted for an epiphytic lifestyle high in the forest canopy where it creates spectacular cascading displays of fragrant fronds. This remarkable climbing fern belongs to the Polypodiaceae family and demonstrates extraordinary versatility in its growth habit, beginning life as a modest terrestrial fern before developing long, slender rhizomes that enable it to scale tree trunks and rocks, eventually forming extensive colonies that can cover entire cliff faces and forest giants. The fern's most enchanting characteristic is its distinctive musky fragrance, released when fronds are touched or bruised, earning it the common name "fragrant fern" and making it immediately recognizable to anyone who encounters it in the wild. Its fronds display fascinating developmental changes as the plant matures - juvenile fronds emerge as simple, undivided leaves, while mature climbing fronds become increasingly divided and drooping, creating elegant curtains of lacy foliage that can extend several meters in length. Found naturally throughout New Zealand's mesic forests from sea level to montane regions, as well as on offshore islands and parts of Australia, this adaptable species demonstrates remarkable ecological plasticity, thriving equally well on tree bark, rock faces, and even in carefully cultivated garden settings. The plant's long-creeping rhizomes, densely clothed in distinctive dark brown to purplish scales, allow it to explore vast areas of suitable habitat while maintaining connection to parent colonies, creating some of the most extensive fern networks in New Zealand's forests. Beyond its ecological significance, mokimoki has captured the attention of gardeners worldwide for its unique ability to create living sculptures when grown in hanging containers or trained over artificial supports, requiring only consistent moisture and protection from direct sunlight to thrive in cultivation.
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Dendroconche scandens, commonly known as Climbing Shield Fern, Mokimoki, or Fragrant Fern (formerly Microsorum scandens), is a climbing or scrambling fern native to New Zealand and parts of Australia. It is an epiphytic or rupestral fern that can be found covering rock piles, tree and tree fern trunks, and bare ground in coastal to lowland forest habitats. Its rhizomes are long-creeping, slender, wiry, and densely covered in persistent, dark brown to purple-brown scales. The fronds are dull green and can vary in size; juvenile fronds are smaller and undivided, while adult fronds are larger, thin, and divided, often drooping. A key characteristic is its distinctive musky fragrance when fresh or recently dried. The sori (spore clusters) are rounded, sometimes elongated or oval, and are impressed into the underside of the frond. This fern thrives in shaded, damp situations and prefers consistent moisture.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Dendroconche scandens |
|---|---|
| Height | 0.5-1.5 m |
| Spread | 1-3 m (rhizomes) |
| Water Needs | High |
| Light | Shade to part shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate |
| Salt Tolerance | Poor |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long |
Climate Best Suited to
Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) prefers warm, humid forest conditions with consistent moisture and protection. It adapts well to typical New Zealand growing conditions with appropriate care and positioning.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
The Climbing Shield Fern (Dendroconche scandens), also known as mokimoki or fragrant fern, is a versatile and widespread native of New Zealand, found across the North, South, and Chatham Islands, as well as parts of eastern Australia. This adaptable fern thrives in coastal to lowland forests, where it exhibits a remarkable range of growth habits. It can be found creeping along the ground, scrambling over rocks and banks, or climbing high up the trunks of trees and tree ferns as an epiphyte. It prefers shaded, damp situations, often in less open areas of the forest, and requires consistent moisture. While it can tolerate some variation, it is less drought-tolerant than some other ferns, indicating its preference for humid, sheltered environments. Its ability to colonize various substrates makes it a significant component of the forest understorey and a key contributor to the biodiversity of these ecosystems.
Plant Conservation
Dendroconche scandens, also known as fragrant fern or mokimoki, is a common creeping fern found in New Zealand and parts of Australia. Its conservation status varies by region. In New Zealand, Dendroconche scandens was assessed in 2023 under the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) and is currently classified as "Not Threatened". This status indicates that the species is not considered at risk of extinction in New Zealand. In Queensland, Australia, the species is listed with an "NCA Status: Special least concern" and is considered "Conservation Significant." However, it is "Not listed" under the Australian Government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act. The fern is adaptable, growing in coastal to lowland forests on rock piles, tree trunks, and bare ground. It is also easily cultivated from rooted rhizome pieces and is generally disease and pest-free once established.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) performs best in well-draining soil that retains adequate moisture. Like most New Zealand natives, it prefers soils that don't become waterlogged but maintain consistent moisture levels. Good drainage is essential for healthy root development.
- Well-draining soil essential for healthy growth
- Prefers consistent moisture without waterlogging
- Adapts to various soil types with good drainage
- Benefits from organic matter incorporation
- Mulching helps retain moisture and suppress weeds
Light Requirements
Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) performs well in full sun to partial shade conditions. Like many New Zealand natives, it adapts to various light conditions but typically shows best growth and form in positions that receive adequate sunlight throughout the day.
- Full sun to partial shade positions
- At least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight daily
- Tolerates light shade in warmer climates
- Morning sun particularly beneficial
Water Requirements
Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) requires regular watering during establishment, typically for the first 1-2 years. Once established, it becomes more drought-tolerant but benefits from consistent moisture during dry periods. Avoid overwatering which can lead to root problems.
- Regular watering during establishment phase
- Moderate drought tolerance once established
- Consistent moisture during dry periods beneficial
- Avoid waterlogged conditions
- Mulching helps conserve soil moisture
Planting Guide
The Climbing Shield Fern is a rewarding and relatively easy-to-grow native fern that can bring a lush, tropical feel to your garden. Its climbing habit makes it a versatile plant for adding vertical interest. By providing the right conditions, you can enjoy the fragrant, cascading fronds of this beautiful fern.
Site Selection
- Light: This fern thrives in a shaded or semi-shaded position. Avoid direct sunlight, which can scorch the fronds.
- Soil: Plant in moist, well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. If you are growing it as an epiphyte, a coarse, free-draining mix is best.
- Support: As a climbing fern, it needs something to scramble over. It is ideal for planting at the base of a tree fern, a large tree, or a mossy rock wall.
Planting Instructions
- Timing: The best time to plant is in spring or autumn, when the weather is mild and the soil is moist.
- Planting: If planting in the ground, dig a hole that is large enough to accommodate the root ball. If planting as an epiphyte, gently tie the rhizomes to the trunk of the host tree until it has attached itself.
- Watering: Water well after planting and keep the soil consistently moist.
Ongoing Care
- Watering: This fern is not drought-tolerant and requires regular watering, especially during dry periods.
- Feeding: A slow-release fertiliser can be applied in spring to encourage lush growth.
- Pruning: Remove any dead or yellowing fronds to keep the plant looking tidy.
Ecological Role
Dendroconche scandens, also known as the Climbing Shield Fern or fragrant fern (mokimoki), plays several important ecological roles, particularly in its native habitats of New Zealand and parts of Australia. Its ecological contributions include providing habitat for native insects, contributing to the overall diversity of forest ecosystems. As a common creeping fern, it covers rock piles, tree and tree fern trunks, and bare ground. Its long-creeping rhizomes enable it to spread across large areas, forming extensive fern networks within forests.
Dendroconche scandens thrives in shaded, damp environments and is less tolerant of drought compared to similar species, indicating areas with consistent moisture. Beyond its ecological functions, the fern holds cultural importance in traditional Mori knowledge, where its scented fronds were historically used to mask odors.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
- Excellent for native plant gardens and restoration
- Suitable for naturalistic landscape designs
- Low maintenance once established
- Contributes to local biodiversity
- Attractive to beneficial native wildlife
Landscaping Uses
The Climbing Shield Fern (Dendroconche scandens), also known as Mokimoki or Fragrant Fern, is a highly versatile and attractive native fern that offers unique landscaping possibilities. Its ability to grow as an epiphyte, lithophyte, or groundcover, combined with its distinctive fragrant fronds, makes it a valuable addition to various garden designs, particularly those aiming for a naturalistic or native forest aesthetic.
Key Landscaping Applications:
- Vertical Greenery: This fern excels at covering vertical surfaces. It can be trained to climb up tree trunks, rock faces, or even artificial supports, creating lush, living walls and adding a unique textural element to the garden.
- Groundcover: In shaded, moist areas, Dendroconche scandens can be used as an effective groundcover, spreading its rhizomes to create a dense carpet of greenery. This is particularly useful in woodland gardens or under larger trees where other plants struggle to thrive.
- Container and Hanging Baskets: Its cascading fronds make it an excellent choice for hanging baskets or large containers, allowing its elegant form to be appreciated at eye level. It can also be trained to spill over the edges of pots or rockeries.
- Native Gardens and Restoration: As a native species, it is ideal for inclusion in native plant gardens and ecological restoration projects. It contributes to local biodiversity by providing habitat for insects and enhancing the natural forest understory.
- Fragrant Feature: The fern's distinctive musky fragrance, released when its fronds are touched, adds an interesting sensory dimension to the garden, making it a unique feature for sensory gardens or pathways.
When incorporating Climbing Shield Fern into your landscape, ensure it has consistent moisture and protection from direct sunlight. It thrives in humid, shaded environments, mimicking its natural forest habitat. Once established, it is relatively low-maintenance and can provide year-round beauty.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Spring is an active growth period for Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens). New growth emerges and this is an ideal time for planting new specimens. Monitor soil moisture as temperatures warm and growth accelerates.
- Active growth period with new foliage development
- Ideal time for planting new specimens
- Monitor soil moisture as temperatures rise
- Apply organic mulch if needed
Summer
Summer is typically the main growing season for Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens). Ensure adequate watering during hot, dry periods, especially for young plants. Established plants show good heat tolerance with appropriate care.
- Peak growing season with active development
- Monitor watering needs during hot weather
- Young plants need consistent moisture
- Established plants show good heat tolerance
Autumn
During autumn, Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) begins to slow its growth as temperatures cool. This is another good time for planting as conditions become more favorable. Reduce watering frequency but maintain soil moisture.
- Growth slows as temperatures moderate
- Good time for planting new specimens
- Reduce watering frequency gradually
- Maintain soil moisture without overwatering
Winter
Winter is typically a dormant period for Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens), with minimal growth activity. Reduce watering but ensure plants don't completely dry out. Most New Zealand natives are cold-hardy and require minimal winter protection.
- Dormant period with minimal growth activity
- Reduce watering but avoid complete drying
- Generally cold-hardy in most New Zealand climates
- Minimal winter protection required
When to Prune and How Much
Tree Nettle (Dendroconche scandens) generally requires minimal pruning to maintain its natural form and health. Most maintenance involves removing dead or damaged growth and light shaping if needed.
- Remove dead, damaged, or diseased growth as needed
- Light pruning to maintain shape if desired
- Prune after flowering if applicable
- Avoid heavy pruning which can stress the plant
- Use clean, sharp tools to prevent disease
- Most natives maintain good form without regular pruning
Always use clean, sharp tools when pruning to minimize disease risk. Native plants typically maintain their natural form well and often require less intervention than exotic species.
How to Grow Climbing Shield Fern
The Climbing Shield Fern, also known as Mokimoki or Fragrant Fern, is a unique and versatile native fern that can add a touch of the New Zealand forest to your garden. Its ability to climb and spread makes it an excellent choice for covering tree trunks, rock faces, or even as a groundcover in shaded, moist areas. While it is a robust and adaptable fern, successful cultivation requires attention to its specific needs, particularly regarding consistent moisture, shade, and a suitable climbing surface. Understanding its propagation methods can help in expanding its presence and ensuring its continued success.
From Spores
Propagating Climbing Shield Fern from spores is a rewarding but challenging process that requires patience and specific conditions. Collect mature spores from the undersides of healthy fronds when they are dark brown and easily dislodge. Sow the spores onto a sterile, moist substrate, such as peat or a specialized fern-growing medium, in a sealed container to maintain high humidity. Keep the container in a warm, dimly lit location. Germination can take several weeks to months, forming a green, moss-like prothallus. Eventually, tiny fern sporophytes will emerge. Once they are large enough to handle, transplant them into individual pots and gradually acclimate them to lower humidity before planting out.
From Division
Division is a simpler and more reliable method for propagating established Climbing Shield Fern clumps. This is best done in spring when new growth is emerging. Carefully dig up the entire fern clump, or a section of it, using a sharp spade. Gently separate the rhizomes into smaller sections, ensuring each division has a healthy portion of roots and several fronds. Replant the divisions immediately into well-prepared soil that is rich in organic matter and consistently moist. Water throughout after planting and keep the newly divided ferns well-watered and protected from direct sun until they are established. This method is particularly effective for spreading the fern across a desired area.
Pests & Diseases
Climbing Shield Fern is a remarkably resilient plant, generally free from significant pests and diseases, especially when grown in conditions that mimic its natural habitat. Its robust nature means that it can often thrive with minimal intervention. However, like all ferns, its health is closely linked to its environment, and issues can arise if it is stressed.
Pests
This fern is not a primary target for most common garden pests. You may occasionally find scale insects or mealybugs on the fronds, particularly if the plant is grown in a very sheltered or indoor environment with poor air circulation. These can usually be managed by wiping them off with a damp cloth or using a horticultural soap spray.
Diseases
The most common issue affecting Climbing Shield Fern is root rot, which is caused by overwatering or poorly draining soil. To prevent this, ensure the plant is in a well-draining medium and avoid letting it sit in water. Good air circulation is also important to prevent fungal issues, especially in humid conditions. While generally disease-resistant, it is always good practice to remove any dead or yellowing fronds to maintain the plantâs health and appearance.
Cultural Significance
Dendroconche scandens, commonly known as mokimoki or fragrant fern, holds significant cultural importance, particularly for the Māori people of New Zealand. The scented fronds of this fern were traditionally used by Māori to mask unpleasant odors. This use is a recognized part of traditional Māori knowledge of forest plants.
Bonus Tip
When establishing Dendroconche scandens as an epiphyte, press a small pad of damp sphagnum around the rhizome and loosely tie it to the host trunk with soft biodegradable twine. Keep the rhizome on the surface rather than buried - it creeps and roots along contact points. High humidity after watering (for example, a gentle mist in the evening) helps the fragrant fronds develop cleanly without tip-burn.
