<i>Gastrodia sesamoides</i>(Gastrodia sesamoides) hero image

Cinnamon Bells

Gastrodia sesamoides

Not specified

This native plant, known as Cinnamon Bells(scientific name: Gastrodia sesamoides ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Gastrodia sesamoides</i>(Gastrodia sesamoides) showing <i>Gastrodia sesamoides</i>growth habit
Image credit: Cinnamon Bells ( Gastrodia sesamoides ) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Gastrodia sesamoides , commonly known as Cinnamon Bells or Pot-bellied Orchid in New Zealand, and Cinnamon Bells or Common Potato Orchid in Australia, is a fascinating leafless, terrestrial saprophytic orchid Discover more aboutNew Zealand. This perennial herb is indigenous to New Zealand and Australia, and has naturalized in South Africa. Lacking chlorophyll, it does not photosynthesize, instead relying entirely on a complex symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi for its nutritional needs. This unique lifecycle allows it to flourish in diverse habitats from coastal areas to montane regions, often associated with decaying wood and host trees. The plant typically grows up to 1 meter tall, emerging from an underground rhizome that is tuberous, elongated, and swollen, often reaching up to 80 mm long and 30 mm in diameter. This rhizome is characteristically pale pinkish-brown to brownish-black and frequently covered in protective scales. The flowering stem, which is rather brittle when fresh, is thin, fleshy, and brown, ranging from 12 to 75 cm in height, and speckled with small, lighter brown spots. Gastrodia sesamoides produces between 3 and 25 pendulous flowers along its stem. These flowers, mostly unscented or sometimes faintly scented, are distinctive bell-shaped perianths, measuring 10-16 mm long and 4-8 mm wide. Their coloration is usually light brownish or mustard at the base, gradually transitioning to pinkish or pinkish-cream towards the apex, and notably, they are unspotted and smooth externally, but white inside. The lateral sepals are fused almost to the tip of the labellum. The labellum itself, approximately 10 x 4 mm, is white, cream, or yellowish, trilobed, and completely enclosed within the floral tube. The column, nearly as tall as the labellum, contributes to the flower's unique structure. The flowers often release a spicy, cinnamon-like perfume, particularly strong in warmer temperatures, which aids in attracting pollinators like native bees.

Quick Facts

Gastrodia sesamoides quick facts
Scientific Name Gastrodia sesamoides
Height Up to 1 meter (flowering)
Spread Forms colonies from underground rhizomes
Water Needs Moderate to High
Light Partial to full shade
Frost Tolerance Moderate
Salt Tolerance Moderate
Growth Rate Moderate
Lifespan Perennial

Climate Best Suited to

Gastrodia sesamoides is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Gastrodia sesamoides
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Gastrodia sesamoides is indigenous to New Zealand (North Island, Marlborough, and Nelson in the South Island) and a wide range of Australian states. It is highly adaptable, thriving in diverse habitats from coastal areas to montane regions (up to 1000m). This orchid is commonly found in disturbed sites, coastal wetlands, associated shrublands, gumland scrub, and open areas along forest margins or in secondary regrowth. Its frequent association with pine bark mulch in plantation forestry and urban environments highlights its ability to colonize modified landscapes, typically where decaying wood and compatible fungi are present.

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Gastrodia sesamoides in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Cinnamon Bells

Cultivating Gastrodia sesamoides ( Gastrodia sesamoides ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Gastrodia Sesamoides plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Gastrodia sesamoides , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

This plant contributes to the rich tapestry of New Zealand's native flora, known collectively asTe Wao Nui a Tāne. While specific traditional uses may vary or be less documented for some smaller species, all native plants are considered taonga(treasures) and possess amauri(life force).They are integral to the cultural landscape, featuring in local biodiversity and often indicating the health of the environment.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

Gastrodia sesamoides is generally considered common and widespread throughout much of its New Zealand and Australian range, and is not globally threatened. However, it is classified as "rare" and vulnerable in some regions of South Australia, primarily due to habitat loss and degradation. Its ability to colonize disturbed habitats and associate with various fungi and host trees contributes to its overall resilience, but local populations can be sensitive to significant environmental changes that impact its fungal symbionts.