Akeake
Dodonaea viscosa
This native plant, known as Akeake(scientific name: Dodonaea viscosa ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Dodonaea viscosa , commonly known as Akeake or Sticky Hop Bush, is a hardy evergreen shrub or small tree native to New Zealand and widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions globally Discover more about native trees. It typically grows as an erect to spreading shrub, ranging from 1 to 4 meters tall, but can occasionally reach up to 9 meters. Its leaves are leathery, glossy, and characteristically sticky to the touch due to a resinous substance, which helps protect against water loss. The leaves are variable in shape, often spatulate or obovate to lanceolate, and measure between 4-15 cm long and 1-4 cm wide. The inconspicuous green or yellow flowers appear in terminal clusters during spring and summer. A standout feature is the showy, ornamental, papery, winged capsules that develop after flowering. These fruits emerge green, then change colour to yellow-green, and finally to brilliant pink or red, ripening to brown. This species is extremely hardy and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including arid regions, rocky areas, and coastal environments, tolerating dry conditions, salt spray, strong winds, and moderate frosts.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Dodonaea viscosa |
|---|---|
| Height | 2-7 m (occasionally up to 10 m) |
| Spread | 2-4 m |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate; drought tolerant once established |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate; hardy to about -5°C |
| Salt Tolerance | High; tolerates coastal conditions and salt spray |
| Growth Rate | Fast |
| Lifespan | Long-lived (decades) |
Climate Best Suited to
Dodonaea viscosa is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Akeake is naturally found in specific habitats throughout New Zealand.Understanding its natural environment helps in providing appropriate growing conditions in cultivation.
Cultivating this species effectively involves a deep understanding of its natural adaptations and environmental preferences. By mimicking its native habitat-whether that be the cool, moist understory of a temperate rainforest or the exposed, well-drained slopes of an alpine range-gardeners can ensure robust growth and long-term health. Regular observation and minimal, targeted intervention are often the best strategies for maintaining the unique characteristics and ecological contributions of this remarkable New Zealand native plant.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Dodonaea viscosa in a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Akeake
Cultivating Dodonaea viscosa ( Dodonaea viscosa ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Dodonaea Viscosa plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Dodonaea viscosa , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Dodonaea viscosa , also known by names such as akeake (Māori), a'ali'i (Hawaiian), and sticky hop bush or Native Hops (Australia), holds significant cultural importance across various regions due to its diverse uses and symbolic meanings.The Māori people highly valued the exceptionally hard wood of Dodonaea viscosa for crafting weapons like taiaha and patu, as well as garden implements. The name "akeake," meaning "for ever for ever," reflects the plant's resilience and is associated with steadfastness.The plant, known as a'ali'i, was integral to daily life. Its durable hardwood was utilized in canoe building, weapons, agricultural tools, and house construction.Fishermen used the wood as bait sticks and for making fishing spears. The seeds were boiled to produce a red dye, and the foliage and seed capsules are still used today for lei-making and wreaths.Medicinally, Hawaiians traditionally used a'ali'i to treat various skin conditions, including rashes, ringworm, and staph infections.Symbolically, the a'ali'i represents resilience, as captured in the proverb, "I am a wind-resting a'ali'i; no gale can push me over."Traditionally used Dodonaea viscosa for medicinal purposes, including treating toothaches, cuts, and stingray stings.Early European settlers in Australia also found a practical use for its capsules as a substitute for hops in making yeast and beer, leading to its common name "sticky hop bush" or "Native Hops." Dodonaea viscosa has a long history as a traditional folk medicine. It has been used to treat a wide array of ailments such as rheumatism, malaria, colds, fever, indigestion, headaches, toothaches, diarrhea, constipation, dysmenorrhea, ulcers, skin infections (like dermatitis and ringworm), sprains, bruises, burns, wounds, gout, snake bites, and various pains of hepatic or splenic origin.Specific applications include applying leaves to burns and scalds, using water boiled with leaves for fomenting swellings and backaches, and for steam inhalation to relieve coughs and colds. The smoke from the plant was also believed to provide pain relief.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Dodonaea viscosa ( Dodonaea viscosa ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Dodonaea viscosa , commonly known as akeake or hopbush, has a complex conservation status that varies significantly depending on the region and specific subspecies. Globally, the species is classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) due to its widespread distribution across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas. In Australia, where the genus is largely endemic, Dodonaea viscosa is generally "Not considered to be at risk in the wild." However, several regional and subspecies-specific conservation concerns exist. For instance, in Victoria, Australia, Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia is listed as "Rare" and is proposed to be "Vulnerable," facing threats from repeated fires, severe drought, and browsing by herbivores. In Singapore, Dodonaea viscosa is native but considered "Critically Endangered (CR)" locally. In North America,Dodonaea elaeagnoides(which is synonymous with Dodonaea viscosa in some contexts), known as Keys Hopbush, is listed as "Endangered." Conversely, some subspecies, such as Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima in the Mallee region of Australia, can be considered "invasive native scrub," dominating vegetation communities and competing with other native plants.