Silver Mountain Daisy
Celmisia coriacea
This native plant, known as Silver Mountain Daisy (scientific name: Celmisia coriacea ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Alpine Plants .
Plant Description
Celmisia coriacea , commonly known as Silver Mountain Daisy or Tikumu, is a magnificent perennial herb endemic to the alpine and subalpine regions of New Zealand's South Island. It forms robust, spreading rosettes of stiff, leathery, sword-shaped leaves that are typically silvery-green and often adorned with a distinctive orange stripe down the midrib. These imposing leaves are a striking feature, well-adapted to the harsh conditions of its mountain home. In summer, it produces large, showy white daisy-like flowers with bright golden discs, held proudly on stout, often hairy stalks, creating a spectacular display against the rugged landscape.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Celmisia coriacea |
|---|---|
| Height | 0.20-0.40 metres |
| Spread | 0.40-0.80 metres |
| Water Needs | Moderate to High; requires consistent moisture but excellent drainage |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Very High (Alpine hardy) |
| Salt Tolerance | Low |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
| Lifespan | 20-40 years |
Climate Best Suited to
The Silver Mountain Daisy is a true specialist of the cool, moist montane to alpine climates of the South Island. It is exceptionally hardy, withstanding severe frosts, heavy snow, and strong winds. It requires consistent moisture, mimicking the snowmelt it receives in its natural habitat, but also demands excellent air circulation and drainage. It struggles in warm, humid lowland environments and requires careful placement in such areas to avoid issues like fungal rot.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | Poor (too hot and humid) |
| Wellington | Marginal (needs good drainage and airflow) |
| Christchurch | Good |
| Dunedin | Excellent |
| Invercargill | Excellent |
Plant Habitat
Endemic to the South Island, Celmisia coriacea is found predominantly in Fiordland and western Southland, extending into other montane to alpine regions. It is a key component of wet grassland and herbfield ecosystems, often forming large patches in boggy, tussock-dominated areas, especially where there is consistent moisture and good drainage. Its natural habitat is characterized by cool temperatures, high light levels, and exposed conditions near the timberline.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Demands permanently moist, free-draining, and acidic soil. It thrives in gritty, humus-rich mixes and is intolerant of heavy, waterlogged conditions.
- Permanently moist, free-draining soil
- Humus-rich, acidic mix
- Excellent aeration is critical
Light Requirements
Requires full sun in its natural alpine range for optimal growth and flowering. In warmer lowland gardens, a position with afternoon shade can prevent scorching.
- Full sun in cool climates
- Partial afternoon shade in hot areas
- Intolerant of deep shade
Water Requirements
Needs consistent and abundant moisture, especially during the growing season. It must never be allowed to dry out completely, but equally, it will not tolerate waterlogged conditions.
- Consistent, generous watering
- Must not dry out completely
- Excellent drainage is paramount
Planting and Establishing
Plant Silver Mountain Daisy in a site that provides permanently moist but perfectly free-draining, acidic conditions, such as a specialized bog garden or a raised scree bed. Incorporate plenty of coarse grit, pumice, and acidic compost into the planting mix. Plant with the crown slightly elevated and top-dress with fine gravel or stone chips to prevent collar rot and ensure good air circulation around the base. Water thoroughly upon planting and maintain consistent moisture.
Ecological Role
Celmisia coriacea , known as Tikumu, plays a crucial ecological role in New Zealand's alpine and subalpine environments. This mountain daisy provides essential nectar and pollen resources for native alpine insects, including endemic flies, moths, beetles, and short-tongued bees that have evolved alongside these plants. The white, daisy-like flowers bloom from November to February, offering vital sustenance during the brief alpine summer when pollinator activity peaks.
Beyond pollination services, Tikumu contributes significantly to slope stabilization in montane grasslands and herbfields. Its robust taproot system helps prevent soil erosion on steep alpine slopes, while the large, leathery leaves create protective microhabitats for small invertebrates and provide shelter from harsh mountain winds. The plant also serves as a pioneer species in disturbed areas, helping to establish plant communities after landslips or natural disturbances in its mountain habitat.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
A showstopping plant for large alpine gardens, bog gardens, or containers where its impressive foliage and flowers can be appreciated.
- Large alpine and rock gardens
- Wetland or bog garden margins
- Statement plant in containers
Ecological Value
Its large, prominent flowers attract a variety of native alpine insects, including large butterflies and bees, which are important pollinators in the high country.
- Major nectar source for alpine insects
- Provides shelter and microhabitat
- Stabilizes boggy alpine soils
Landscaping Uses
Celmisia coriacea makes an exceptional addition to rock gardens, alpine troughs, and naturalistic plantings where its bold foliage creates year-round interest. The large, leathery leaves with distinctive parallel veining provide excellent textural contrast when paired with fine-textured alpine plants. In garden settings, position this mountain daisy in well-drained spots that receive morning sun but some protection from intense afternoon heat. It performs best in cooler climates that mimic its natural montane habitat, making it ideal for gardens in southern regions or elevated sites. Consider planting alongside other New Zealand alpines like hebes, aciphyllas, and smaller celmisias to create an authentic alpine garden display.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Remove any dead or damaged foliage from the previous winter to promote air circulation and prevent fungal issues. A very light, low-nitrogen feed can be given if growth is sluggish.
- Clear winter debris
- Check for signs of rot
- Light low-nitrogen feed
Summer
Monitor soil moisture carefully, ensuring it remains consistently damp but not wet. Ensure good air circulation, especially during warmer, humid periods.
- Maintain consistent moisture
- Ensure good air flow
- Watch for aphids and mites
Autumn
After flowering, spent flower stalks can be removed for neatness. Consider dividing established clumps every few years to maintain vigor.
- Remove spent flower stalks
- Consider dividing clumps
- Prepare site for winter drainage
Winter
Requires minimal attention during winter. It is exceptionally frost-hardy and benefits from snow cover, which insulates it from extreme cold.
- Minimal intervention
- Ensure protection from excessive wetness
- Resistant to cold and snow
When to Prune and How Much
Pruning is generally limited to removing spent flower stalks and any dead or yellowing leaves from the rosettes to maintain plant health and prevent rot. Division every 3-4 years can help maintain plant vigor.
- Remove spent flower stalks
- Tidy dead or yellowing foliage
- Do not cut into the main rosette
Always use sterilized, fine-pointed tools to avoid introducing pathogens and for precision around the tight foliage.
How to Grow Silver Mountain Daisy
Cultivating Silver Mountain Daisy ( Celmisia coriacea ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Silver Mountain Daisy plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Silver Mountain Daisy can be grown from fresh seed, but it requires specific conditions for successful germination. Collect fresh seeds when ripe in late summer.
- Sow on the surface of a very gritty, free-draining seed mix.
- Keep moist and in a cold frame.
- Germination can be slow and irregular.
- Grow on carefully in individual pots.
Providing natural winter chilling can aid germination, and protecting young seedlings from excessive moisture is critical.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Hardwood cuttings can be taken, but success rates can be variable and establishment is slow.
- Take small, firm cuttings in late spring to early summer.
- Dip in strong rooting hormone powder.
- Insert into a very gritty, well-aerated propagation mix.
- Provide bottom heat and ensure high humidity.
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Silver Mountain Daisy, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division of established clumps is recommended every 3-4 years to maintain vigor.
- Carefully lift and divide a mature clump.
- Ensure each division has a substantial root system.
- Replant immediately into well-prepared soil.
Pests & Diseases
Highly susceptible to root and collar rot if drainage is poor or conditions are too humid. Aphids can sometimes be a problem on new growth. Ensure excellent drainage and good air circulation to prevent issues.
Cultural Significance
Silver Mountain Daisy, or Tikumu, holds significant cultural importance for Māori, who traditionally used its leaves for weaving and its fibers for various utilitarian purposes. It is also an iconic symbol of the New Zealand alpine landscape.
- Traditionally used by Māori (Tikumu)
- Iconic alpine species
- Endemic to the South Island
Bonus Tip
For optimal growth and flowering, ensure your Silver Mountain Daisy is planted in a location with consistent moisture and excellent drainage, mirroring its native wet alpine grassland habitat.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Silver Mountain Daisy ( Celmisia coriacea ), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Celmisia coriacea is currently classified as "Not Threatened" in the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It is widespread in suitable habitats across the South Island. However, like many alpine species, it is vulnerable to habitat degradation from recreational activities, browsing by introduced animals, and the impacts of climate change on its specialized high-country environments.