Hakeke
Olearia ilicifolia
This native plant, known as Hakeke(scientific name: Olearia ilicifolia), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All.
Plant Description
Identification and Physical Characteristics
Hakeke ( Olearia ilicifolia ), also known as mountain holly or New Zealand holly, is an evergreen shrub or small tree endemic to New Zealand Discover more about native ferns. It typically grows to 3-6 meters tall and 3 meters wide, often forming a domed canopy. Its leaves are dark green to grayish-green, leathery, 5-12 cm long by 1-2 cm wide, with distinctive undulating and sharply serrated or spiny margins. The upper surface is mostly glabrous, while the underside is covered in a fine, whitish felt. The trunk and lower branches are covered in orange-grey bark that often peels in long strips. Numerous white daisy-like flowers with yellow centers are borne in dense, branched clusters (corymbs) towards the branchlet tips, typically in June. The flowers have a strong, musky perfume. These develop into small, wind-borne brown seeds, each topped with a fluffy, yellowish pappus.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Olearia ilicifolia |
|---|---|
| Height | 2-6 m |
| Spread | 2-4 m |
| Water Needs | Low to moderate |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate to good |
| Salt Tolerance | Moderate |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived |
Climate Best Suited to
Olearia ilicifoliais well adapted to various New Zealand regions.
Regional Suitability
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Auckland | High |
| Wellington | High |
| Christchurch | Medium |
Plant Habitat
Natural Occurrence and Ecology
Hakeke is endemic to New Zealand, found in lowland to sub-alpine forest and scrub environments, extending from sea level up to 1,200 meters in altitude. Its range covers the North, South, and Stewart Islands, typically southwards from latitude 38°S. It thrives in shrublands, river flats, and valley heads, and is also prominent on ridgelines in what are sometimes called 'cloud' or 'goblin' forests. It is a common riparian species in the montane river systems of the western South Island.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.
- Well-drained
- Loamy
Light Requirements
Grows best in partial to full sun.
- Full Sun
- Partial Shade
Water Requirements
Requires regular watering during dry periods.
- Regular
- Drought tolerant once established
Planting and Establishing
Establishment Guidance
Plant Olearia ilicifoliain a hole twice the width of the root ball.
Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.
Ecological Role
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact
Provides habitat and food for native fauna.
This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.
- Rock gardens
- Ground cover
Ecological Value
Supports local pollinators.
- Birds
- Insects
The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.
Landscaping Uses
Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.
In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.
- Fertilize
- Mulch
Summer
Water deeply during dry spells.
- Water
- Check for pests
Autumn
Tidy up any dead foliage.
- Prune lightly
- Plant new specimens
Winter
Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.
- Frost protection
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.
- Remove dead branches
Always use clean, sharp tools.
Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.
How to Grow Hakeke
Cultivating Olearia ilicifolia(Olearia ilicifolia) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.
From Seed
Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Olearia Ilicifolia plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.
Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.
- Collect seeds
- Sow in trays
Keep moist until germination.
From Cuttings
For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.
Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.
- Take cuttings
- Use rooting hormone
Additional Methods
Depending on the growth habit of Olearia ilicifolia, other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.
Division can be done in early spring.
- Divide clumps
- Replant immediately
Pests & Diseases
Generally resistant to major pests.
While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.
Cultural Significance
Known as Hakeke in many areas,Olearia ilicifoliaforms prickly, holly‑like foliage that shelters understorey birds and seedlings along forest margins. While documented rongoā for this species is sparse, related akeake woods were prized for toughness. Modern projects use eco‑sourced Hakeke for wind‑filters on ridgelines and as a defensive boundary in restoration māra, reflecting kaitiakitanga values of shelter, resilience and biodiversity support.Olearia ilicifolia, also known as Hakeke or Mountain Holly, holds cultural significance in Aotearoa (New Zealand).Olearia species, including Hakeke, were valued by Māori for their practical uses. The strong, dense wood of larger Olearia species, such as akeake, was utilized for crafting tool handles, weapons, and construction materials. The name "akeake" itself reflects the wood's hardness and durability, making it highly prized for items requiring strength, like fence posts and various implements. Some Olearia species also provided traditional medicines, with specific applications varying among different iwi (tribes) and regions. Beyond its historical uses, Hakeke is valued in contemporary restoration efforts and gardens for the ecological services it provides.
- Traditional medicine
- Crafts
Bonus Tip
Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.
For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.
Related Plants
Explore other native plants that share similar characteristics or habitats with Olearia Ilicifolia (Olearia ilicifolia), offering further insights into New Zealand's diverse flora. These related species provide context and opportunities for complementary planting in your garden.
Plant Conservation
Conservation Status
Olearia ilicifolia, also known as hakeke, mountain holly, Māori-holly, or New Zealand holly, is a shrub or small tree endemic to New Zealand. It is found across the North, South, and Stewart Islands. This species thrives in a variety of habitats, ranging from lowland to subalpine regions. It can be found in shrublands, river flats, valley heads, and on ridgelines in "cloud" and "goblin" forests. It is also a common riparian species in the montane river systems of the western South Island. Regarding its conservation status,Olearia ilicifoliais currently classified as "Not Threatened" according to the 2023 assessment by the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. This status has been consistent in previous assessments from 2004, 2009, 2012, and 2017. The plant is considered hardy and resilient, capable of tolerating a wide range of conditions, including exposed and upland sites. It is also resistant to maritime exposure and can withstand severe pruning.Olearia ilicifoliacan be easily propagated from semi-hardwood cuttings and fresh seeds, preferring cool climates and well-drained, moist, humus-enriched soil. Its hardiness and adaptability make it suitable for native revegetation projects and landscaping, where it can serve as a screening or shelter plant and provide resources for pollinators.