Kawaka
Libocedrus plumosa
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Kawaka ( Libocedrus plumosa ) is a majestic native New Zealand conifer, celebrated for its distinctive flattened, scale-like foliage arranged in sprays, and its tall, straight trunk. This large evergreen tree is endemic to the North Island and northern South Island, typically found in lowland and montane forests. Its elegant form and unique foliage make it a striking specimen tree for larger native plant gardens or forest restoration projects, providing a strong vertical element and year-round interest. Kawaka is a resilient and ecologically important tree that adds a touch of primeval grandeur to any landscape, showcasing the ancient lineage of New Zealand's conifers. For related species, see the native plants index.
Plant Description
Botanical Features
Kawaka (Libocedrus plumosa), also known as New Zealand Incense Tree, is an evergreen conifer endemic to New Zealand. It can grow up to 30-35 meters tall with a trunk diameter of up to 3 meters, developing a pyramidal shape when young and maturing to a more rounded, conical, or irregular crown. Its bark is thin, scaly, and light to reddish-brown, peeling readily in long, inrolled strips. The foliage is arranged in flattened, dense sprays, giving a distinctive feathery appearance. The leaves are scale-like, rich green, and closely overlapping, arranged in four rows of opposite pairs. It is a monoecious species, with both male and female cones found on the same tree. The cylindrical seed cones are 12-18 mm long and have four scales, with the inner pair bearing two winged seeds. It thrives in lowland and hill forests, preferring free-draining, moderately fertile, and moist soil.
Quick Facts
Conifer Summary
| Scientific Name | Libocedrus plumosa |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Kawaka |
| Family | Cupressaceae |
| Height | Up to 25 m |
| Spread | Up to 8 m |
| Light | Full sun to partial shade |
| Soil | Moist, well-drained, fertile soils |
| Water Needs | Moderate to high |
| Frost Tolerance | Moderate |
| Salt Tolerance | Low |
| Growth Rate | Medium |
| Lifespan | Long |
Climate Best Suited to
Regional Suitability
Kawaka ( Libocedrus plumosa ) is native to the North Island and northern South Island of New Zealand, typically found in lowland and montane forests. It thrives in mild, temperate climates with high humidity and consistent rainfall. It prefers sheltered locations, protected from strong winds and harsh frosts. Its natural habitat includes forest understoreys and damp gullies, indicating a preference for cooler, shadier conditions. It can be successfully cultivated in similar temperate regions, provided it has good drainage and protection from extreme heat or prolonged severe frosts when young.
| City | Climate Suitability |
|---|---|
| Whangārei | Ideal |
| Auckland | Ideal |
| Hamilton | Ideal |
| Tauranga | Ideal |
| Rotorua | Ideal |
| Gisborne | Ideal |
| New Plymouth | Ideal |
| Napier | Ideal |
| Whanganui | Ideal |
| Palmerston North | Ideal |
| Wellington | Ideal |
| Nelson | Ideal |
| Christchurch | Ideal |
| Dunedin | Ideal |
| Invercargill | Ideal |
Natural Habitat
Kawaka (Libocedrus plumosa) is an evergreen conifer endemic to New Zealand, found in lowland and hill forests of the North Island and parts of the South Island. It thrives in temperate rainforests, from sea level up to 600 meters in altitude, preferring free-draining, moderately fertile, and moist soil. It often grows in association with kauri (Agathis australis) and is typically found on ridge lines, spurs, or in areas that have experienced significant disturbance, such as stabilized slips or major windthrow damage.
Plant Conservation
Libocedrus plumosa, commonly known as kawaka or New Zealand cedar, is a conifer species endemic to New Zealand, found on the North Island and in the Tasman district of the South Island. Its global conservation status, according to the IUCN Red List, is "Near Threatened." However, the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network (NZPCN) lists it as "At Risk - Naturally Uncommon" or "Not Threatened," with some sources noting it is "at risk" due to its need for disturbed areas to regenerate. Historically, Libocedrus plumosa was logged for its valuable timber, which led to a decline in its population. Forest clearance and selective logging also contributed to the reduction of the species-rich forests where it thrives. Interestingly, despite past logging, its natural scarcity meant that logging had a limited overall impact on its distribution and abundance. In fact, field evidence suggests that Libocedrus plumosa benefits from and requires regular disturbance, such as windthrow damage or slips, to maintain itself and regenerate. Conservation efforts include its presence within several protected areas, though it also exists on private lands.
Growing Requirements
Soil Requirements
Kawaka prefers moist, well-drained, and fertile soils. It naturally grows in humus-rich forest soils. Amend heavy soils with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. A neutral to slightly acidic pH is ideal. Ensure consistent moisture, especially during dry periods.
- Prefers moist, well-drained, fertile soils.
- Benefits from organic matter enrichment.
- Ideal pH: neutral to slightly acidic.
- Avoid waterlogged conditions.
Light Requirements
Kawaka thrives in partial to full shade, especially when young. It is sensitive to direct, harsh sunlight, which can scorch its foliage. Plant it in a sheltered spot under larger trees or on the shaded side of a building where it receives dappled light or indirect sun throughout the day. Mature trees can tolerate more sun if kept moist.
- Prefers partial to full shade, especially when young.
- Avoid direct, harsh sunlight.
- Ideal for underplanting or sheltered positions.
Water Requirements
This tree requires consistent moisture, especially during dry periods and its establishment phase. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Regular watering is crucial for healthy growth and development. Reduce watering slightly during cooler winter months.
- Requires consistent moisture.
- Keep soil moist, but ensure good drainage.
- Water more frequently during dry spells.
Planting Guide
Best Time to Plant
The best time to plant Kawaka is during autumn or spring, when temperatures are mild and rainfall is more consistent. This allows the tree to establish its root system before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold.
Choosing a Location
Select a site with full sun to partial shade and moist, well-drained, fertile soil. Kawaka is ideal for planting in the understorey of larger trees, in sheltered garden beds, or as a specimen tree in a protected location. Ensure it has adequate space for its mature size.
Planting Steps
- Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and the same depth.
- Gently remove the tree from its container, being careful not to disturb the roots.
- Place the tree in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
- Backfill with amended soil, firming gently around the base of the tree.
- Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle the soil.
- Apply a layer of organic mulch to help retain moisture and suppress weeds, keeping it away from the trunk.
Initial Care
Water regularly during the first 6-12 months to help establish a strong root system. Once established, Kawaka is reasonably low maintenance and requires less frequent watering. Protect young trees from strong winds and severe frosts if necessary.
Ecological Role
Forest Ecosystem Importance
The ecological importance of Kawaka ( Libocedrus plumosa ) within its native New Zealand ecosystems is significant. Its dense foliage provides shelter for small birds and invertebrates, and its seeds may be a food source for native birds, contributing to the local food web and biodiversity of its varied habitats.
- Provides shelter for small birds and invertebrates.
- Seeds may be a food source for native birds.
- Contributes to biodiversity in diverse forest ecosystems.
As an endemic species, it is an integral part of the unique biodiversity that has evolved in New Zealand, supporting the delicate balance of its natural habitats.
Uses & Significance
Garden Uses
- Excellent specimen tree for larger gardens.
- Suitable for native forest restoration and revegetation.
- Provides year-round interest with evergreen foliage.
- Adds unique texture and character to landscapes.
Landscaping Applications
Garden Design Uses
Kawaka ( Libocedrus plumosa ) is a highly attractive and versatile tree for various landscaping applications, particularly in native and shaded gardens. Its graceful form and unique foliage make it a valuable asset.
- Ideal as a specimen tree for larger gardens and parks.
- Excellent for native forest restoration and revegetation projects.
- Provides year-round interest with evergreen foliage.
- Suitable for mass plantings or as an accent plant.
Its ability to thrive in sheltered, shaded conditions and its aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for creating lush and beautiful native landscapes.
Seasonal Care Calendar
Spring
New growth emerges, and the plant begins its active growth phase. This is an ideal time for planting new Kawaka specimens. Ensure consistent moisture for young trees and protect them from strong winds if necessary. A light feed with a balanced slow-release fertilizer can encourage vigorous growth.
- Ideal time for planting.
- Ensure consistent moisture for new trees.
- Light fertilization if needed.
Summer
Kawaka is actively growing during summer, and cones may develop. Consistent watering is important, especially during dry spells, to prevent stress. Monitor for pests and diseases, though it is generally quite resilient.
- Active growth.
- Consistent watering is essential.
- Monitor for pests and diseases.
Autumn
Growth slows as temperatures cool. This is another good time for planting, allowing roots to establish before winter. Minimal care is required for established trees, but ensure they remain adequately hydrated.
- Good time for planting.
- Minimal care for established trees.
- Ensure adequate hydration.
Winter
Kawaka is evergreen and provides year-round interest. It is moderately frost-tolerant and requires minimal care during this period. Ensure good drainage to prevent root issues in wet conditions.
- Evergreen, provides year-round interest.
- Protect young trees from severe frost.
- Ensure good drainage.
When to Prune and How Much
Minimal Pruning
Kawaka generally requires minimal pruning to maintain its natural form. The primary reason for pruning is to remove dead or damaged branches, or to shape the tree as desired. Its natural growth habit is often quite attractive, so extensive pruning is rarely needed.
- Remove dead or damaged branches as needed.
- Light shaping to maintain desired form.
- Best done in late winter or early spring before new growth.
- Use clean, sharp tools.
Avoid heavy pruning, as this can stress the tree. Allow it to develop its natural, graceful canopy.
How to Grow Kawaka
Kawaka is a majestic native New Zealand conifer, celebrated for its distinctive flattened, scale-like foliage arranged in sprays, and its tall, straight trunk. This large evergreen tree is endemic to the North Island and northern South Island, typically found in lowland and montane forests. Its elegant form and unique foliage make it a striking specimen tree for larger native plant gardens or forest restoration projects, providing a strong vertical element and year-round interest. Kawaka is a resilient and ecologically important tree that adds a touch of primeval grandeur to any landscape, showcasing the ancient lineage of New Zealand's conifers. Understanding its propagation methods is key to successfully growing this delightful species.
From Seed
Propagating Kawaka from fresh seed is a viable method, though germination can be slow and may require stratification. Collect ripe seeds in late autumn or early winter. Clean the seeds thoroughly to remove any fleshy pulp. Sow the seeds in a tray filled with a well-draining seed-raising mix, lightly covering them. The seeds typically require a period of cold stratification (e.g., refrigerate for 2-3 months) to break dormancy. Maintain consistent moisture in the seed tray and keep it in a warm, sheltered location. Germination can take several weeks to months after stratification. Once seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be potted into individual containers and grown in a sheltered environment before planting out.
From Cuttings
Semi-hardwood cuttings are a reliable method for propagating Kawaka, ensuring that new plants retain the exact characteristics of the parent. Take 10-15 cm cuttings from healthy, semi-hardwood stems in late summer or early autumn. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in a rooting hormone. Insert the cuttings into a well-draining propagation mix (e.g., sand and perlite). Keep the cuttings in a warm, humid environment, out of direct sunlight, perhaps under a plastic dome or in a propagator. Rooting typically occurs within 8-12 weeks. Once rooted, the new plants can be potted on and grown in a sheltered environment until they are ready for planting.
Pests & Diseases
Kawaka is generally a robust tree, but it can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases, especially if not grown in optimal conditions.
Common Pests
- Aphids: Can infest new growth. Treat with insecticidal soap or remove manually.
- Scale Insects: May be present on stems and leaves. Treat with horticultural oil or appropriate insecticides.
Common Diseases
- Sooty Mould: Often associated with scale insect infestations, it can cover leaves and reduce photosynthesis. Address the underlying pest issue.
- Root Rot: Caused by overwatering or poor drainage. Ensure well-drained soil.
Good garden hygiene, proper watering, and adequate air circulation are key to preventing most pest and disease issues. Regular inspection will help catch problems early.
Cultural Significance
Libocedrus plumosa, commonly known as Kawaka or New Zealand Cedar, holds cultural significance primarily for its majestic form, aesthetic value, and historical use as a timber tree in New Zealand. It is considered a treasured tree for New Zealand landscapes due to its graceful, feathery foliage and elegant pyramidal shape. Its fine-grained, durable, and often beautifully marked dark red wood was historically used for roofing shingles and general building purposes, though it is now too scarce for significant commercial value.
It is important to note that another native New Zealand plant, Macropiper excelsum, also known as Kawakawa, has extensive and profound cultural and medicinal significance for Māori. This plant is revered for its healing and restorative properties and has been used for centuries in traditional Māori medicine (rongoā Māori) to treat various ailments such as colds, digestive issues, and skin conditions. Kawakawa also plays a significant role in Māori cultural rituals, including mourning ceremonies (tangihanga), where wreaths made from its leaves are worn by mourners. Its heart-shaped leaves are symbolic, and the plant is associated with Tawhirimatea, the god of the forest, highlighting its spiritual importance within the community.
Bonus Tip
The bark of the Kawaka is a key identification feature. It peels off in long, thin, stringy strips, which can give the trunk a shaggy appearance. This is a great way to distinguish it from other native conifers.
