<i>Gleichenia dicarpa</i>(Gleichenia dicarpa) hero image

Tangle Fern

Gleichenia dicarpa

Not specified

This native plant, known as Tangle Fern(scientific name: Gleichenia dicarpa ), is a remarkable species endemic to New Zealand. It is characterized by its unique features, ecological role, and cultural significance. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on its care, propagation, and importance within the New Zealand ecosystem. Understanding this plant contributes to the appreciation of our rich biodiversity and heritage, and supports conservation efforts for Browse All .

<i>Gleichenia dicarpa</i>(Gleichenia dicarpa) showing <i>Gleichenia dicarpa</i>growth habit
Image credit: Tangle Fern ( Gleichenia dicarpa ) - Photo via Wikipedia

Plant Description

Identification and Physical Characteristics

Gleichenia dicarpa , commonly known as Pouched Coral Fern, Tangle Fern, or Swamp Umbrella Fern, is a small fern found in eastern Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and parts of Southeast Asia Discover more about native ferns. It consists of numerous fronds that grow more or less vertically from a thin, branched rhizome, reaching up to 2 meters in length. The smallest end-branches, called pinnules, are about 1 to 1.5 mm long and have recurved margins, giving them a cup or pouch shape. This pouch shape, which often contains two spores in fertile fronds, is the origin of its common name "pouched coral fern." Fronds in sunnier areas may appear yellowish. This fern typically forms tangled thickets in wet environments such as swamps, riverbanks, peatlands, and under waterfalls. It thrives in nutrient-poor, acidic soils with high humidity and good levels of sunshine and moisture. It spreads by vigorous, much-branched underground stems (rhizomes) and can form extensive tangled colonies.

Quick Facts

Gleichenia dicarpa quick facts
Scientific Name Gleichenia dicarpa
Height 0.3-1.0 m
Spread Spreads extensively by rhizomes
Water Needs High; never allow to dry out
Light Sun to light shade
Frost Tolerance Varies
Salt Tolerance Varies
Growth Rate Varies
Lifespan Varies

Climate Best Suited to

Gleichenia dicarpa is well adapted to various New Zealand regions.

Regional Suitability

City suitability for Gleichenia dicarpa
City Climate Suitability
Auckland High
Wellington High
Christchurch Medium

Plant Habitat

Natural Occurrence and Ecology

Understand the natural habitat of Pouched Coral Fern ( Gleichenia dicarpa ), including its distribution across bog and wetland environments in New Zealand and beyond. This knowledge is essential for recreating suitable growing conditions and understanding its ecological requirements.Natural distribution in New Zealand bogs and wet heathsPreferred bog ecosystem characteristics and conditionsAssociated plant communities and bog specialistsElevation ranges and climate preferencesMicrohabitat requirements within bog ecosystems

Growing Requirements

Soil Requirements

Prefers well-draining soil rich in organic matter.

  • Well-drained
  • Loamy

Light Requirements

Grows best in partial to full sun.

  • Full Sun
  • Partial Shade

Water Requirements

Requires regular watering during dry periods.

  • Regular
  • Drought tolerant once established

Planting and Establishing

Establishment Guidance

Plant Gleichenia dicarpa in a hole twice the width of the root ball.

Proper establishment is key to long-term success. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide as the root ball and backfill with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Initial watering should be thorough, followed by regular monitoring during the first two growing seasons to ensure the plant becomes well-anchored and resilient to local climate fluctuations.

Ecological Role

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impact

Provides habitat and food for native fauna.

This species plays a vital role in its local ecosystem, providing essential habitat and food sources for native biodiversity. Its presence supports complex ecological interactions, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment. By planting this native, you help maintain the intricate web of life that defines New Zealand's unique natural heritage.

Uses & Significance

Garden Uses

Ideal for rock gardens and native borders.

  • Rock gardens
  • Ground cover

Ecological Value

Supports local pollinators.

  • Birds
  • Insects

The versatility of this plant makes it a valuable addition to many New Zealand gardens. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, it offers practical benefits such as soil stabilization and shelter for smaller plants. Its historical and modern uses highlight its enduring importance in both traditional practices and contemporary landscape design, making it a thoughtful choice for any restoration or gardening project.

Landscaping Uses

Adds texture and form to modern landscapes.

In a landscape setting, this plant provides excellent structure and year-round interest. Its unique form and foliage can be used to create focal points or as a cohesive element in a larger native planting scheme. It pairs well with other New Zealand natives, allowing for the creation of diverse and resilient garden environments that reflect the natural beauty of Aotearoa.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Spring

Mulch and apply balanced fertilizer.

  • Fertilize
  • Mulch

Summer

Water deeply during dry spells.

  • Water
  • Check for pests

Autumn

Tidy up any dead foliage.

  • Prune lightly
  • Plant new specimens

Winter

Protect from heavy frosts if necessary.

  • Frost protection

When to Prune and How Much

Minimal pruning required to maintain shape.

  • Remove dead branches

Always use clean, sharp tools.

Regular maintenance through careful pruning ensures the plant remains healthy and maintains its desired shape. Focus on removing dead or diseased wood to promote better air circulation and prevent the spread of pathogens. Proper pruning techniques help the plant direct its energy toward new growth, resulting in a more robust and aesthetically pleasing specimen in your garden.

How to Grow Tangle Fern

Cultivating Gleichenia dicarpa ( Gleichenia dicarpa ) is a rewarding endeavor for any gardener interested in New Zealand's unique flora. This species can be propagated through several methods, each requiring specific conditions to ensure healthy growth and establishment. Successful propagation depends on mimicking the plant's natural environment and providing consistent care during the early stages of development.

From Seed

Propagation from seed is often the most effective way to produce a large number of Gleichenia dicarpa plants. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature. Freshly collected seeds generally have higher germination rates than those that have been stored for long periods.

Sow fresh seeds in a seed-raising mix.

  1. Collect seeds
  2. Sow in trays

Keep moist until germination.

From Cuttings

For those wishing to replicate specific characteristics of a parent plant, vegetative propagation via cuttings is the preferred method. This technique ensures that the new plants are genetically identical to the source. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the appropriate season usually yield the best results for this species.

Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

  1. Take cuttings
  2. Use rooting hormone

Additional Methods

Depending on the growth habit of Gleichenia dicarpa , other methods such as division or layering might also be viable options. Division is particularly suitable for plants that form dense clumps or have spreading root systems, while layering can be used for species with trailing or flexible stems.

Division can be done in early spring.

  1. Divide clumps
  2. Replant immediately

Pests & Diseases

Generally resistant to major pests.

While generally resilient, maintaining optimal growing conditions is the best defense against pests and diseases. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of any issues, which can often be managed through cultural practices or organic interventions. Ensuring good air circulation and appropriate watering will significantly reduce the plant's susceptibility to common environmental stresses and pathogens.

Cultural Significance

Gleichenia dicarpa , also known as pouched coral fern, tangle fern, spider fern, or swamp umbrella fern, does not have extensive documented cultural significance beyond the origins of its scientific and common names.The scientific name Gleichenia honors German botanist W.F. von Gleichen, and dicarpa is Ancient Greek for "two fruit," referring to how its spores are held. Common names vary by region, with New Zealanders calling it tangle fern, spider fern, or swamp umbrella fern, while Australians refer to it as pouched coral fern or wiry coral fern.Historically, Gleichenia dicarpa was first collected by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander in November 1769 at Mercury Bay in New Zealand, and later officially described by Robert Brown in his 1810 work, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae.Ecologically, this fern is noted for forming tangled thickets in wet areas and its ability to act as a pioneer species in disturbed ground. Its tangled roots help collect dead plant material and prevent soil erosion. While these ecological roles are significant, specific cultural uses or symbolic meanings are not widely documented for the plant by indigenous populations or other cultures.

  • Traditional medicine
  • Crafts

Bonus Tip

Excellent for low-maintenance gardens.

For an extra boost, consider applying a thin layer of high-quality organic mulch around the base of the plant. This helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and gradually improves soil structure as it breaks down. This simple step can make a significant difference in the plant's overall vigor and resilience, especially during periods of extreme weather.

Plant Conservation

Conservation Status

The conservation status of Gleichenia dicarpa (pouched coral fern or tangle fern) varies by region but is generally not considered threatened.In Queensland, Australia, it is listed as "Least concern" under the NCA Status and "Not listed" under the EPBC Status. In New Zealand, its national conservation status was "Not Threatened" as of 2023. Regionally within New Zealand, it is "Regionally Not Threatened" in Auckland (2025) and "Regionally Data Deficient" in Otago (2024).